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Unde = a quibus.-14. Filo, a woollen thread or fillet wound 51 around the priest's cap. 16. Audiat fas, let divine justice hear.— 17. What is the distinction between juste and pie? — 20. Dedier. An antique form of dedi, the present infinitive passive. 21. Siris contracted from siveris. Subjunctive as imperative or in imprecation. 24. Concipiendique juris jurandi, and in the expression of the oath.-26. Sollemnes, usual. - 28. Janus is called Quirinus (from quiris, a spear), with reference to his function as index belli. Macrob. 1, 9, 16.33. His, sc. verbis. 34. Rex patres consulebat, etc. "Here we have a picture of the monarchical senate, consisting of the majores natu, thence called patres, and consulted, man by man, in a fixed order by the king, as under the republic by the consul." S. 35. Quarum-causarum. The genitive in this old legal formula is a genitive of reference, for which we should have de with the ablative in classical style. Madvig unnecessarily substitutes causa for causarum, omitting the comma after litium. Quarum rerum for earum rerum, etc., quarum; of which the antecedent is constructed with quid censes (page 52), and the relative with condixit. Rerum refers to the stolen property, litium to the points in dispute, causarum to the legal questions and claims arising from them.Condixit, has made a claim; with the dative of the persons (patri patrato, hominibusque Priscis Latinis) upon whom the claim is made. - 38, 39. Nec - fecerunt, they have neither given back nor made indemnity for nor attended to.

2. Puro (a scelere).-3. Itaque et ita.—7. Aut sangui- 52 neam praeustam, or one with a burnt point dipped in blood. I see no necessity of bracketing sanguineam with Madvig. Seeley, who follows Madvig, himself cites Amm. Marc. 19, 2, 6, hastam infectam sanguine ritu patrio, and Dio Cassius 71, 33. 9. Quod, whercas.-17. Ubi dixisset. Subjunctive because ubi is here general, not particular, and means whenever, as often as. The imperfect indicative, he would hurl, properly follows in the principal clause.

XXXIII. 21. Demandata cura. (For the time of his absence.) - 26. Multitudinem omnem, the whole population. - 27. Circa. Here, on two sides of. — 29. Aventinum. Mons Aventinus is the more common name. -33. Vacuum. The adjective gives the reason: (because it was) uninhabited. - 35. Receptaculum, refuge.

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53 2. Conisus - connisus.—3. After vincit we should expect deinde urbem capit et diruit, but Livy passes directly to the result of the conquest, ingenti praeda potens, powerful through his vast plunder.-6. Murciae, sc. aram. There was an altar of Venus Murcia between the Aventine and Palatine near the lower end of the Circus Maximus. Preller suggests that the Latins to whom homes were given in this neighborhood may have brought her worship with them. He considers her name as connected with mulcere, to soften, whence also Mulciber. Subsequently, it was generally written Myrtea, whence perhaps the myrtle was regarded as sacred to Venus.-8. Ea arx, such a strong position. S.-9. Sublicio, made with wooden piles. From the place where the walls of the Janiculum came down to the river, a wooden bridge was built, connecting the Janiculum with the Aventine. It was a religious law that this bridge was not to be of stone, nay, that not even iron nails or fastenings were to be used in its construction. - 12. A-locis, on the side of (those) places (or that region of the city) which were (more level and therefore) more easy of access.-14. Recte an perperam facti utrum quid recte an perperam factum esset.-15. Carcer. The Mamertine prison.-19. Silva Messia adempta. Ablative absolute. Hertz adopts Messia from the best MSS. of Pliny and a few of Livy. Other readings Mesia, Maesia. - 22. Aedis aedes.

-

XXXIV. 23. Lucumo is the title of the city kings of Etruria, but Livy takes it as a proper name. 24. Divitiis. Ablative of The genealogy according to Livy is as

means. -27 sqq.

follows:

28. Ob seditiones. Demaratus belonged to the noble house of the Bacchiadae, who were expelled by Kypselos when he made himself tyrant (657 B. C.).—32. Uxore relicta, leaving his wife,

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etc. Relicta is a present participle in meaning. Näg. pp. 259 53 sq.-36. Egerio. Dative by attraction to puero after nomen inditum. Lucumoni. On the dative, see note on Numitori, page 21, line 33.38. Auxit, sc. animos. — Ducta — Tanaquil, his taking Tanaquil in marriage, (a woman) born summo loco, etc. Perfect passive participles are often to be translated like verbal 39. Quae, one who; taking the subjunctive in the sense Iis, the position.

nouns.

of talis ut. 1. Quo

in quae, into which. -4. Virum, her husband. — 6. 54 Ad id (sc. exsequendum), for this purpose. - Potissima. So Gronovius and Madvig, instead of potissimum, the usual reading. Translate most desirable, most feasible, best adapted. 8. Sit, Subjunctive of Tanaquil's thought. Futurum, sc. esse. 10. Et, even. — 11. Una imagine. Ancus's only claim to nobility was as the grandson (on his mother's side) of Numa; and Numa's was the only ancestral imago in his hall. The imagines were figures, with painted masks of wax resembling the person represented, kept in the atrium. The right of having imagines was a distinction of the nobles. In after-times a plebeian who, first of his name, held a curule office, gained nobility for his family, and his image was set up in the atrium as first of his line. Persuadet, sc. viro. 12, 13. Cui esset. Relative and subjunctive of the reason. 15. Carpento. It is more usual in the best prose to say in carpento. Carpentum is a covered cart. The word is used because the travellers have all their property with them."-16. Demissa. Middle; letting itself down, descending. - Pilleum=pileum.-17. Clangore, cry. 18. Ministerio. Dative of the purpose. — 21. Excelsa, majestic things. S.- 22, 23. Eam, ea, ejus. The demonstrative here is emphatic: that very, that particular, just that, that and no other. - 23. Ejus dei, i. e. Jovis.-24. Humano. To answer better to divinitus, S. proposes humane, Wex humana manu. - 28. The antiquarians traced the name Lucius to Lucumo, as Tarquinius to Tarquinii. - 31. The ablatives (of means) in this line are construed with conciliando. -34. Dextre, adroitly. · 36. Bello. We should have expected belli or in bello. — 37. Expertus. Used passively.

66

XXXV.-XL. Tarquinius Priscus, fifth king. (Mythical date 616-578 B. C.) XXXV.-XXXVI. His election. He creates a hundred new senators, subdues the Latins, marks out the Circus Maximus, and celebrates the "Roman games." He

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55

=

54 doubles the number of knights. Resistance of Attus Navius. XXXVII.-XXXVIII. Successful wars with the Sabines and Latins. The king builds walls and sewers. Lays the foundations of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. XXXIX. A flame plays about the head of Servius Tullius. His origin. XL. The two sons of Ancus procure the assassination of Tarquinius. XXXV. 5. Sub, a little before. - Tempus, the (appointed) time. - 6. Petisse ambitiose canvassed. Petisse (for petiisse) is a poetical form. 7. Plebis. Livy thinks of the plebs as having a share in the election, although the vote must have been in the comitia curiata.-8. Cum, etc. Supply diceret, suggested both by orationem habuisse above and by memorantem below. - 9. Non primus, etc., was not the first foreigner,... but the third, to aspire to the kingdom, etc. Quod, a thing which. - Quispiam, Mg.'s. reading. The MSS. quisquam. Madvig also corrects posset to possit.-13. Ex quo "has almost become a particle in Livy," meaning from the time when, ever since, or as soon as. — - Sui potens, his own master.-15. Qua, in which.-26. Centumlegit. "Livy does not say that Tarquin created new patrician gentes, which were then represented in the senate, but that he created new senators, whose families in consequence became patrician." Seeley.-26, 27. Minorum gentium, of the younger houses (or clans).—30, 31. Majore-fuerat, greater booty than accordedwith-what had been the report of the war.-31. Revecta, brought back (in vehicles). S.-32. The Circus Maximus was between the Palatine and the Aventine. - 34. Ubi. A relative adverb with the subjunctive of purpose. - Spectacula, stands, platforms whence they could see the games. -35. Fori, benches. S.--35, 36. Order furcis sustinentibus spectacula duodenos pedes alta ab terra. The wooden props (furcae) were shaped like the letter Y.-Furcis sustinentibus. Ablative absolute of attendant circumstances. Duodenos. Why is the distributive numeral used?

55 1. Aedificanda loca, lots for building on. S.

XXXVI. 12. Ramnis. Accusative plural.-15. Inaugurato. Ablative absolute of the neuter perfect passive participle standing by itself; as augurato (chap. 18); and auspicato (line 31). — Negare (historical infinitive) is followed by neque, neque, without distroying the negative.-17. Addixissent. Addicere (as an augural term) == assentiri. — 18. Eludens, laughing to scorn, — 19. Divinevates, seer, reader of the Divine will. Said ironi

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22.56

cally, as is aves tuae below. - 21. Futuram, sc. rem esse. — Atqui, and yet, but. 23. Haec, i. e. novaculam et cotem. - 26. The comitium was the northwestern part of the Forum, where the comitia curiata were held. — In gradibus ipsis, on the very steps to the left of the Curia. (The steps led up from the comitium to the senate-house.) 28. Sitam, buried. -32. Exercitus vocati, i. e. the comitia centuriata, which assembly was called exercitus urbanus or simply exercitus, inasmuch as the people, who assembled in their centuries, were armed. - 32, 33. Summa rerum, matters of the highest importance. - 35. Alterum tantum (both neuter), another equal amount. He doubled the number of knights in each of the three centuries. 36 sqq. Qui additi erant posteriores modo appellati sunt (were simply called secondary) sub isdem nominibus (under the same names, i. e. under the original names of the centuries, Ramnes, Tities, and Luceres). The old knights were called priores or primi, the new knights posteriores or secundi.

XXXVII. 3. Ex occulto, in secret. These words are unneces- 57 sary. 4. Missis, sc. iis, or some general word meaning men, soldiers, agents. - 5. Conicerent = conjicerent. Qui conicerent, relative with subjunctive, denoting purpose, may be translated by the infinitive in English. — 6, 7. Et haererent, and when most of them, being on rafts, drove against the piles and stuck there (lit. having been driven, stuck, etc.). I am almost inclined to adopt Gronovius's conjecture, pleraque ratibus inpacta sublicisque, especially as his supposition that the bridge was partly of boats, partly supported on piles, is (as Seeley has noticed) expressly confirmed by Dionysius. As for the question, what bridge is meant here, "Dionysius tells us that the Sabines and Etruscans were in alliance, and that they pitched two camps with the river between them. The bridge was built to connect them, and Tarquin burnt it to divide them." S.-8. Ea quoque, this incident also, i. e. as well as the great force of the Romans, referring back to "praeterquam quod viribus," etc. S.-9. Fusis. Dative. — 11. Fluitantia, borne down by the current.-12. Insignem, palpable (S.); easily known by this mark.-19, 20. Petebant, tenuere. Notice the difference of tense.-23. The less important booty, which was burnt on the battle-field, was offered to Vulcan. 26. Gesturos, sc. se esse. - 28. Tumultuario milite, with soldiers hastily drawn together, as distinguished from regular troops. Z.