31. Patres]" Patres dicebantur, quoniam a plebe tanquam patres vene- 11. randi, plebs verò ab iis tanquam a patribus tutanda erat. hac appellatione patrocinium et patrocinari descendunt." Hinc etiam ab 30. Violati hospitii foedus] Violati for violatum. See note, p. 5. 1. 13. 31. Fas ac fidem] "Fas refertur ad Deum, cujus solenne visuri convenissent; fides refertur ad Romanos, quibus credidissent Sabini." 12. 12. Nomen] used by Livy for populus, much in the same way as we use 13. denomination for sect, when we speak of the Lutheran denomination, etc. 34. Per occasionem ac solitudinem] i. e. per occasionem solitudinis, opporper solitudinem. tune 2. Nomina darent] Nomen dare, in reference to a colony, the army, or 14. the navy, signifies' to enlist.' 20. Tamen] refers to the preceding sentence. 'Be it as it may, yet,' etc. 41. Primores] the front rank'; corresponding to the Greek poμáxovs. 42. Princeps] i. e. primus. 21. Nepotum liberum progeniem] for nepotes and liberos, simply; the 15. genitives having here the force of explanatory epithets. 22. Inter vos] Similar changes from the third person to the first and second (from oblique to direct discourse, as it is called,) and the contrary, are not uncommon in the best ancient writers. In English it is necessary to give notice of the change by said they, or some such phrase. 14. Occupant bellum facere] Occupant refers to priusquam. 'Are before- 16. hand with them in making war.' Occupare, to anticipate,' is again used, p. 30. 1. 41. 22. Locis circa densa obsita virgulta obscuris] Scarcely any passage in Livy has more puzzled commentators than this. Some regard it as corrupt, though ancient copies, both manuscript and printed, agree in the reading above given. Of those who consider the text as sound, some think densa is used adverbially for dense (as in Virgil, Georgics, ii. 275. Densà sere), and qualifies obsita: some make densa and obsita both agree with virgulta, and interpret obsita by adsita, adjacentia: and some write ob sita as two words, either placing a comma after circà, thus locis circà, densa ob sita virgulta obscuris, or, without a comma, construing as if, ob circà densa sita virgulta. To those of the above modes in which obsita is written as one word, it is objected, that, in its usual sense of set thick with,'' overgrown or covered with,' it always agrees with the thing covered, and not with that which covers; thus loca obsita virgultis is a proper expression, but not so virgulta obsita locis: while the interpretation of obsita by adjacentia is not warranted by a single example. It has also been objected that the construction, which occurs in the above modes, of two adjectives before one substantive, is harsh and unusual; but examples sufficient to justify this are found in Livy, as well as other authors, e. g. curulis regia sella, speciosus ultimus dies, etc. Those who think the text corrupt are no less at variance with each other as to the manner of restoring it. One reading proposed is locis circà denso obsito virgulto obscuris, another, densè obsito virgulto, (both of which are open to the objection mentioned above, of applying obsito to the wrong object); another, partem militum locis circà denso obsitis virgulto obscuram. A fourth reforms the passage by leaving out obsita, as a gloss (cr explanatory word) in the margin of the manuscript, which by accident came into the text; while a fifth, and the happiest emendation of all, is by Heinsius, locis circà denso obsitis virgulto ac obscuris. This note, which is chiefly a mere abstract of the accumulated annotations on the passage in Drakenborch's edition of Livy (omitting a long array of citations and the names of a multitude of critics), is here placed before the young student as a specimen of the sort of apparatus which accompanies a copious variorum edition of an ancient classic. Drakenborch mentions the opinion of a learned friend of his, that the common reading may be defended, and the whole difficulty done away, by considering virgultâ as a feminine noun of the first declension in the ablative 16. case, and densa as agreeing with it. But the only authority he cites for virgulta in this form is Lutatius or Lactantius, a grammarian of the fourth century, and to him Drakenborch will allow no weight against the usage of Livy, who uniformly in other places has this noun in the neuter, the only form, it is said, in which it is used by the earlier and purer writers. Bailey, however, in his supplement to the Lexicon of Forcellinus, cites Columella as using virgultas in the accusative. Columella's authority could not be set aside on the same grounds; but the s is not found in all good editions. 18. 3. Gravis- auctor] "Quamvis Proculus Julius rem magnam, et quæ vix fidem inventura videbatur, nunciaret, erat tamen auctor gravis, í. e. nuncius multæ auctoritatis, cui populus nuncianti credebat." Levis auctor in an opposite sense, coupled with nec satis fidus, is also used by Livy, lib. v. c. 15. 42. Auctores fierent]' should approve.' 19. 1. Vi adempta] The act of the senate becoming nugatory, because their approval is given beforehand, priùs auctores fiunt, quàm, etc. 20. 18. Quae fama, etc.] Quâ famâ in Sabinos is a reading adopted by some, perlata being understood, and famâ in Sabinos being considered as an elliptical expression of the same sort with fons ex opaco specu, p. 21. 1. 34., where profluens is understood. In the same way as this would mean foreign reputation,' Tacitus (Ann. xi. 6.) uses the phrase famam in posteros, for 'posthumous fame.' If quæ be retained, penetrare potuisset may be supplied: or, making excivisset agree with fama, Gronovius's explanation may be received; "Quæ tanta tum temporis alicui poterat contingere nominis fama, inter populos dissociabiles et proxima quæque ignorantes, ut ob eam vocaretur ex Magnâ Græciâ in Sabinos ad discendi cupidum? et si contigisset fama, quo eadem sermonis commercio, quum nullum esset, id effecisset?' Famam eleganter dicit excire eum qui ob famam evocatur." 35. Augur ad lævam, etc.] See Adam's Rom. Antiq. under Augures. 11. Argiletum] A vicus, district,' or 'ward' of Rome, divided into summum and imum, by the city wall, the former being within and the latter without. 27. In duodecim menses describit annum] The solar year, as measured by the revolution of the earth round the sun, or by the apparent revolution of the sun about the earth (i. e. annus qui solstiali circumagitur orbe), consists of 365 days (neglecting odd minutes and seconds, which the calendar of Numa also disregarded.) The lunar year is 354 days, being made up of 12 revolutions of the moon about the earth (or 12 months), each consisting of 29 days (quia tricenos dies singulis mensibus luna non explet.) There is, then, a difference of 114 days between a solar and a lunar year. Supposing, therefore, the sun and moon to set out from the same point in the heavens, when the sun had returned to that point (or meta), the moon, having finished 12 complete revolutions, would now be performing the 13th, and would require 11 days to arrive at the point from which she set out with the sun. Thus the lunar year would be constantly falling behind the solar, and the names of the months, or portions of the lunar year, would cease to be associated with the several seasons, as these depend on the sun, i. e. the solar year. To keep, therefore, the lunar years adjusted to the solar, so that nearly the same months shall always be in the same seasons, it is necessary from time to time to intercalate or insert (intercalare, interponere) a certain number of days in the calendar of the lunar years. This Livy informs us that Numa did, (intercalaribus mensibus interponencis) in such a way, that at the end of 24 years he had inserted days enough to amount to the difference between that number of solar and of lunar years (plenis annorum omnium spatiis), so that the sun and moon were again together at that point of the heavens or of the sun's path at which this series of years began, and solar time again agreed with lunar at this point (ut dies congruerent ad metam eamdem solis, unde orsi essent). This interval between one agreement of |