Numantia, It empties into the Atlantic, after a course of nearly 300 miles, but is navigable only seventy miles from its mouth, on account of its rapid current. At the mouth of the Durius stood Portus Calles, now Oporto, from a corruption of which arose, the modern name of Portugal. The classical appellation for Portugal, however, is Lu

sitania.

E.

ETRURIA. A district of Italy, lying north and west of the Tiber. The origin of the Etrurian nation is unknown, although many, without any very strong reasons for the opinion, regard them as having been a Celtic race. Their civilization came in with the Tyrrheni, who appear to have been identical with the Pelasgi. The statement of Herodotus, that the Tyrrheni, or Etrurians, were of Lydian origin, appears to refer merely to a Pelasgic emigration. The Etrurians excelled in the knowledge of augury, and in the worship of the gods. In these respects the Romans seem to have done little more than adopt the ceremonies and institutions of their neighbours, who were for a long period their determined and powerful enemies. After long continued war and much carnage, the Romans obtained a complete victory over them, and compelled them to submit to such conditions as they chose to dictate. The Etrurians were divided into twelve states, of which each adopted that form of government which seemed most agreeable, though the leading feature in all was aristocratic. The want of a common bond of union contributed very materially to their final subjugation by the Romans. Etruria corresponds, in a great measure, to the present Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

F.

p. 93.

FAESULAE. Now Fiesoli, a town of Italy, in Etruria, southeast of Pistoria. Here Catiline raised the standard of rebellion. In modern times, it is rather a village than a town. The Goths, when they entered Italy, under the consulate of Stilico and Aurelian, A. D. 400, were defeated in the vicinity of this place.

G.

p. 92

GAETULI. The inhabitants of Gaetulia, in Africa. Gaetulia lay to the south of Numidia, and answers in some degree to the modern Be ledelgerid. The Gaetuli, like the Numidians, excelled in horsemanship and, like them, rode barebacked.

p. 13 GALLIA. An extensive country of Europe, lying between the Rhine, the Alps, the Mediterranean, the Pyrenees, and the ocean. It was more extensive, therefore, to the north and east than modern France. The name Galli, given to the inhabitants by the Roman writers, is the Celtic term Gael, Latinised. The Greeks called them Kiλrat, and their country Κελτική and Γαλατία.

GALLIA CITERIOR. Called also Gallia Cisalpina, a name given by the Romans to that part of Italy which lay between the Alps and the rivers Rubicon and Macra. It was occupied by various Gallic tribes, which

had poured over the Alps into this extensive tract of country. Livy assigns to these migrations the date of 600 B. C.; but in all probability they were much earlier.

GALLIA CISPADANA. Gaul south of the Padus, or Po; or, in other words, that part of northern Italy which lay between the Po and the rivers Rubicon and Macra. The remaining portion between the Po and the Alps, was called Gallia Transpadana.

GALLIA TOGATA. Commonly regarded as only another name for Gallia Cisalpina, but applying in strictness merely to Gallia Cispadana. The name has reference to the country's being occupied by individuals who enjoyed the rights of Roman citizenship, or, in other words, the privilege of wearing the toga. These inhabitants appear to have been settled here in colonies after the Gauls were driven out. (Compare Mannert, Geogr., vol. x., part 1, p. 133.)

GALLIA TRANSALPINA. Gaul beyond the Alps, or Gaul Proper.

H.

HADRUMĒTUM. The capital of Byzacium, a district of Africa Propria. The place, according to Sallust, was of Phoenician origin, and owed its prosperity, in a great measure, to the fertility of the surrounding country; since, although situate near the coast, it does not appear to have had any harbour. It suffered severely in Caesar's wars, but was afterwards restored and enlarged by a colony being sent hither in the time of the emperors, especially Trajan. The place was destroyed by the Saracens. Its site has been made a matter of much discussion at the present day. D'Anville places it near the modern Susa, in the territory of Tunis. Shaw makes it the same with Hamamet. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. x. part 2, p. 244.)

P. 14. HIPPO. A city of Numidia, in the western part, on a bay near the promontory of Hippi. It was called Hippo Regius, not only to diatinguish it from Hippo Zarytus, a town on the coast to the west of Utica, but also from its having been one of the royal cities of the Numidian monarchs. The place was of Phoenician origin. St. Augustine was bishop here. Near the ancient site is a town named Bona.

p. 14. HISPANIA. An extensive country, forming a kind of peninsula, in the southwestern part of Europe. It was divided into Hispania Citerior and Ulterior. Hispania Citerior was also called Tarraconensis, from Tarraco (now Tarragona) its capital, and extended from the foot of the Pyrenees to the mouth of the Durius (now Douro) on the Atlantic shore; comprehending all the north of Spain, together with the south, as far as a line drawn below Carthago Nova, (now Carthagena,) and continued in an oblique direction to the river Darius, passing by Salamantica (now Salamanca). Hispania Ulterior was divided into two provinces, Baetica, in the south of Spain, between the Anas (now Guadiana) and Citerior; and above it Lusitania, corresponding, in a great measure, to modern Portugal. Baetica answers to modern Andalusia.

p. 4.

I.

ITALIA. Of this well-known region, it wi.l be sufficient here to give merely the main divisions The peninsula of Italy was anciently divided

into Gallia Cisalpina, in the north, from the Alps to the rivers Rubicon, on the upper, and Macia, on the lower coast; Italia Propria, in the centre, and Magna Graecia, in the south. The last of these took its name from the Greek colonies settled there, and comprehended the provinces of Campania, Apulia, Lucania, Messapia, and Bruttium. All between Magna Graecia and the rivers Rubicon and Macra, was Italia Propria, and under the immediate jurisdiction of the senate and people.

L.

LARES. A town of Africa Propria, west of Zama Regia, and south of Sicca Venerea. Its site is supposed to be marked at the present day by the modern Larbuss. (Bischoff und Möller, Worterb. der Geogr., p. 682.)

P. 61. LATĬUM. A country of Italy, lying south of Etruria, from which it was separated by the river Tiber. In it stood Rome, Alba, Lavinium, Tusculum, Arpinum, Praeneste, &c. The name of Latium was at first given to that portion of Italy only, which extends from the mouth of the Tiber to the promontory of Circeii; but subsequently this latter boundary was removed to the river Liris, whence arose the distinction of Latium Antiquum and Novum. At a still later period, the southern boundary of Latium was extended from the Liris to the mouth of the river Vulturnus and the Massic hills.

p. 47.

LEPTIS. There were two cities of this name in Africa. 1. The first, called for distinction sake Leptis Magna, was situate towards the greater Syrtis, at the southeast extremity of the district of Tripolis. It was founded by the Phoenicians, and ranked next to Carthage and Utica, among their maritime cities. Under the Romans, it was signalized, as Sallust informs us, by its fidelity and obedience. It was destroyed by the Vandals, rebuilt by the emperor Justinian, and finally demolished by the Saracens. Lebida now marks the ancient site. 2. The other city of Leptis, called also Leptis Parva, was situate in Africa Propria, in the district of Byzacium, or Emporiae, about eighteen miles below Hadrumetum, on the coast. It is now Lempta. This city paid a talent a day to the Carthaginians as tribute, which will serve to give us some idea of its commercial prosperity, and the productiveness of the surrounding district. The Phoenicians, according to Sallust, were its p.14, 51.

founders.

LIBYA. The name given by the Greek writers and the Roman poets to what was otherwise called Africa. In a more restricted sense, the name has been applied to that part of Africa which contained the two countries of Cyrenaica and Marmarica, together with a very extensive region inland, and which was generally styled Libya Interior.

p. 13.

LIGURES. The natives of Liguria. This country formed part of Cisalpine Gaul, and lay along the shores of the Sinus Ligusticus, or gulf of Genoa, between the Varus on the west, and the Macra on the east. The Ligures appear to have been a numerous and powerful people, extending at an early period along the shores of the Mediterranean, from the mouth of the Rhodanus to that of the Arnus, reaching also into the interior of Gaul, and the valleys of the maritime Alps. In the days of he Roman dominion, however, their limits were contracted as first above

stated. The Ligurians were a bold and hardy mountaineer-race, and
they were not conquered by the Romans until after many years of war-
fare. The possession of their country was important, as affording
the easiest communication with Gaul and Spain over the maritime
Alps.

p. 27.

M.

MACEDONIA. A country of Europe, lying to the west of Thrace, and
north and northeast of Thessaly. It was reduced under the Roman
sway by Paulus Aemilius, who defeated and took prisoner its last monarch
Perses, in the memorable battle of Pydna. Before the time of Philip,
father of Alexander, all the country beyond the river Strymon, and even
the Macedonian peninsula, from Amphipolis to Thessalonica, belonged
to Thrace, and Paeonia likewise on the north. But, when enlarged
by conquest, the limits of Macedonia were from the river Nessus in
Thrace to the Ionian sea, including Paeonia, and Illyria beyond lake
Lychnitis. As a Roman province, however, Macedonia did not include
Epirus.

p. 25.
MASSILIA. A celebrated colony of the Phoceans, on the Mediter-
ranean coast of Gaul, now Marseilles. It became at an early period a
powerful and flourishing city, and was famed for its extensive commerce.
The most prosperous period in its history would seem to have been the
interval from the fall of Carthage, with which city it had frequent col-
lisions, to the commencement of the contest between Caesar and Pom-
pey. This city was always the firm ally of Rome. It suffered severely
in the civil wars from its attachment to the party of Pompey, being
compelled to sustain a severe siege, in which its fleet was destroyed,
and, after surrendering, to pay a heavy exaction. Massilia became after-
wards, in the days of Augustus, famous as a seat of science, and the
rival of Athens.

p. 96.
MAURETANIA.
A country of Africa, lying to the west of Numidia,
and answering now to the modern Fez and Morocco. It was, properly
speaking, in the time of Bocchus, bounded by the river Mulucha, now
Malva, on the east, and corresponded nearly to the modern Fez; but,
in the time of the emperor Claudius, the western part of Numidia was
added to this province, under the name of Mauretania Caesariensis, the
ancient kingdom of Mauretania being now called, for distinction sake,
Mauretania Tingitana, from its principal city Tingis, or Old Tangier,
on the west of the straits.
p. 12.

MEDI. The people of Media, in Upper Asia. Their country lay to
the east of Assyria, and was separated from Armenia on the north by
the river Araxes. The capital was Ecbatana, now Hammadan. When
first mentioned in history, the Medes were a brave people. Like other
states, wealth and power rendered them indolent and luxurious, and they
fell beneath the arms of Cyrus.

p. 13.
MULUCHA. A river of Africa, separating Mauretania from Numidia,
in the time of Bocchus. It is now the Malva.
p. 15.
MUTHUL. A river of Numidia, supposed to have been a branch of
.he Bagradas.

p. 33

N.

NUMANTIA. A town of Spain, near the sources of the river Durius,
celebrated for the brave resistance which it made against the Romans
for the space of fourteen years. It was built upon an eminence of no
great height, between two branches of the Durius, and surrounded by a
very thick wood on three sides. One path alone led down into the
plain, and this was defended by ditches and palisades. The great length
of time it withstood the Romans may be easily accounted for by its dif-
ficult situation, and the circumstance of its circuit being so large, that
within it were even pastures for cattle. The place was at last reduced
by Scipio Africanus Minor, the conqueror of Carthage. The Numan-
tines had withstood an army of 40,000 men with less than one fourth of
that number, and had not only hitherto held out, but frequently gained
very considerable advantages over the enemy, and obliged them to ac-
cede to dishonourable treaties. The remains of Numantia may be still
seen near Puente de Don Garray.
p. 5.
NUMIDIA. A country of Africa, east of Mauretania, and correspond-
ing, in a great measure, to the modern Algiers. It was originally
divided into two petty kingdoms, that of the Massyli to the east, and of
the Massaesyli to the west, the line of separation between them being
marked by the Tretum Promontorium, and a part of the river Ampsagas.
Syphax was monarch of the Massaesyli, and Massinissa of the Massyli.
The territory of Syphax was bestowed upon Massinissa by the Romans,
after the close of the second Punic war, and he was allowed to enjoy
the possession of this until the day of his death. After the termination
of the Jugurthine contest, the Romans appear to have taken no part
of the kingdom of Numidia to themselves, but to have distributed it
among the different surviving branches of the royal line. In the civil
wars between Caesar and Pompey, Juba, the great grandson of Massinissa,
had the misfortune to espouse the side of the latter. After the victory of
Thapsus, therefore, Caesar declared the whole kingdom of Numidia to
be a Roman territory; and Sallust, the historian, was sent thither as
its governor. The western district around Cirta was at the same time
bestowed upon Sittius in recompense for his services. Augustus be-
stowed upon Juba, son of the first Juba, his father's former kingdom,
with some important additions, under the general name of Mauretania.
And finally, the change introduced by the emperor Claudius, divided the
whole country from the Ampsagas to the Atlantic into Mauretania Cae-
sariensis and Tingitana. (Vid. Mauretania.)

P.

PELIGNI. An Italian tribe belonging to the Sabine race, situate to
the east and northeast of the Marsi. Their chief town was Corfinium,
which was selected by the allies in the social war as the seat of their
new empire. The country of the Peligni was small in extent, and noted
for the coldness of its climate.

p. 72.
PERSAE. The natives of Persia. In its utmost extent, the kingdom
of Persia comprehended all the countries between the Indus and Aegean
sea, and between the range of Caucasus and the Indian ocean, the pen.