insula of Arabia alone excepted. In its more limited acceptation, the
name Persia, or rather Persis, denoted a particular province of this vast
empire, bounded on the east by Carmania, on the north by Media, on
the west by Susiana, and on the south by the Persian gulf. This is
sometimes called the royal province of Persia. It was the seat of the
race before they commenced their conquests.

p. 13.

PHILENON ARAE. Altars erected by the Carthaginians in memory
of the brothers Phileni. They stood in the innermost bend of the Syrtis
Major, and not, as Sallust erroneously states, (Jug. 19,) to the west of
both the Syrtes. The story of the Phileni, as given by the historian,
wears, to many, a very doubtful appearance, from the circumstance of
Cyrene's being so much nearer to the point in question than Carthage.
If the distance between these two cities be divided into eight equal
parts, the Phileni will be found to have travelled six, and the deputies
from Cyrene only two, of these parts. The truth, however, ap-
pears to be, that the territory in dispute between the two powers, lay
between Hesperis on the Cyrenean side, and Leptis Magna on the
Carthaginian, and that the deputies started actually from these two
points, not from Carthage and Cyrene. (Mannert. Geogr., vol. x.,
part 2, p. 116.)

p. 14, 52.

PHOENICES. The people of Phoenicia. Their country extended
along the coast of Syria, from the river Eleutherus to mount Carmel, a
distance of about thirty-five geographical miles. The breadth was very
limited, the ranges of Libanus and Antilibanus forming the utmost bar-
rier to the east. The Phoenicians were a branch of that widely-extended
race, known by the common appellation of Aramean, or Semitic. They
were remarkable for their extensive commercial connexions, and their
numerous colonies. They were famed also for their early civilization,
and their successful cultivation of manufactures and the arts.

P. 14.
PICĒNUM. A district of Italy, along the Adriatic, south and south-
east of Umbria. The inhabitants were of Sabine origin. Their country
was considered as one of the most fertile parts of Italy, and the produce
of its fruit-trees was particularly esteemed.

p. 93.
PISTORIA. A town of Etruria, about twenty Italian miles northwest
of Florentia, on the Stella, which falls into the Ombrone, a northern
branch of the Arnus, or Arno. Pliny (H. N. 3, 5) calls it Pistorium;
but Ptolemy and others give it the appellation of Pistoria. The modern
name is Pistoia. This place is memorable from having witnessed in
its vicinity the close of Catiline's desperate career. The spot on which
the action was fought is too imperfectly marked by the concise narra-
tive of Sallust to be now recognised. We may conjecture, however,
that it was to the north of Pistoia, and near the modern road from that
place to Modena. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. i., p. 177.)

R.

p. 114.

REATE. An old Sabine town, on the river Velinus, a branch of the
Nar. Its modern name is Rieti. Reate was only a praefecture in
Cicero's time. In the days of Suetonius, however, it was a municipium.
It was famed for its breed of mules. The valley of the Velinus, in
which this city was situated was so delightful, as to merit the appellation
of Tempe.

RHEGIUM. One of the most celebrated and flourishing cities of Magna
Graecia, at the extremity of Italy, in the territory of the Bruttii. It is
supposed to have been founded nearly 700 years B. C., by a party of
Zancleans from Sicily, together with some Chalcidians, from Euboea,
and Messenians from the Peloponnesus. Its name is supposed to allude
to the great catastrophe by which Sicily was broken off in early days
from Italy (Phytov a púyvvμ, frango.) Some, however, consider the
name of the place as of Oscan origin. The modern appellation is
Reggio.

p. 20.
RHODII. The people of the island of Rhodes. This celebrated island
lay to the southwest of the coast of Caria, and about forty-three miles
distant from the main land. Rhodes sided with the Roman power, and
became a valuable auxiliary to their rising greatness. In return for the
important services thus rendered, it received from its new friends the
territories of Lycia and Caria; but suspicion and distrust eventually
arose, the Rhodians were deprived of their possessions in Asia, and, at
last, in the reign of Vespasian, of their freedom. Rhodes was famed
for its Colossus, or statue of the sun, the work of Chares, who spent
twelve years in the execution. An earthquake threw it down after it
had stood erect for sixty-six years. It remained in ruins for 894 years,
until A. D. 672, when the Saracens sold it to a Jewish merchant of
Edessa, who loaded 900 camels with the brass.

p. 106,
ROMA. Of this celebrated city, it will be sufficient here to remark,
that it stood on the southern bank of the Tiber, below the junction of
that river and the Anio, and about fifteen miles from the sea.
It was
divided into twenty-four regions or wards, had seven great, and thirteen
smaller, aqueducts, thirty-seven gates, and six hundred and forty-four
towers on the walls. Its population, when greatest, did not proba-
bly fall much below four millions. The seat of empire was transferred
to Byzantium, by Constantine, A. D. 328; and Rome itself was taken
by Odoacer, king of the Heruli, A. D. 476, which put an end to the
empire of the west.

SAMNĪTES. A people of Italy, whose territory, Samnium, lay to the
east of Campania and the lower extremity of Latium. The Samnites
were of Sabine origin, and famed for their valour, which displayed itself
in their long conflict with the Roman power. They only ceased to
exist as a nation after their overthrow by Sylla.

p. 108.
SICCA. A city of Numidia, on the river Bagradas, and at some dis-
tance from the coast. It was called Sicca Venerea, from a temple of
Venus which it contained. Bochart and De Brosses derive the name
of Sicca from the Punic Succoth Benoth, (i. e. "tabernacula puellarum,")
and make Benoth ("puella") the origin of the word Venus among the
Romans. According to Shaw, the modern Kaff stands near the site of
the ancient city. This, however, is doubtful.

p. 39
SICILIA. A well-known island in the Mediterranean, separated from
Italy by the Fretum Siculum, or Straits of Messina. Its triangular
shape gave it the appellations of Trinacria and Triquetra, (peis-akpaι,
and τρεῖς-ἕδοαι.) The promontory nearest Italy was called Pelorum
now cape Faro. The one to the south of this was Pachynum, now

Passaro; and the remaining one Lilybaeum, now Boeo. This last,
however, is in truth not a mountain-promontory, but a low, flat point of
land, rendered dangerous to vessels by its sand-banks and concealed
rocks. Sicilia derived its name from the ancient Siculi, who came into
this island from Latium.

p. 20.
SIDONII. The people of Sidon, in Phoenicia. This was the oldest,
and, until eclipsed by its colony Tyre, the most powerful of the Phoeni-
cian cities. The inhabitants appear to have acquired at an early period
a pre-eminence in arts, manufactures, and commerce. The modern
Saide is still a considerable town, but the harbour is nearly choked with
sand. Sidon was about twenty-four miles north of Tyre.

p. 51.

SUTHUL. A town of Numidia, of which Sallust alone makes mention.
M. Barbie du Bocage suspects that this town is the same with that called
Sufetala (now Sbaitla) in the Itin. Ant. The name Suthul is said to
signify "the town of eagles."

p. 27.
SYRTES. The Syrtes were two bays or gulfs on the coast of Africa,
of which the one was called Syrtis Major, the other Syrtis Minor. The
latter is now termed the gulf of Cabes, from the ancient city of Tacape,
which stood at the head of it. It is about forty-five geographical miles
in breadth, and runs up into the continent about seventy-five miles. It
is opposite to the islands of Sicily and Malta, and was reckoned the
more dangerous of the two. This gulf is still an object of apprehension
to mariners, in consequence of the variations and uncertainties of the
tides on a flat and shelvy coast. The Syrtis Major is about one hundred
and eighty geographical miles between the two capes, and penetrates one
hundred miles into the land. The natives call it Syrte-al-Kibber, i. e.
the Great Syrtis, and sailors, Sydra, or Seedra. The name Syrtis is
generally derived from the Greek oúpw, "to drag," in allusion to the
agitation of the sand by the force of the tides. (Compare Sallust,
Jugurth. c. 78.) It is more than probable, however, that the appella
tion is to be deduced from the term Sert, which still exists in Arabic as
the name for a desert tract or region for the term Syrtis does not ap-
pear to have been confined to the mere gulfs themselves, but to have
been extended also to the desert country adjacent, which is still at the
present day called Sert. (Compare Ritter. allgem. vergleichende Geogr.,
vol. i., p. 929.)

T.

:

p. 14, 51.

TANA. Now Wad-al-Thaine, a river of Africa Propria, in the district
of Byzacium, falling into the sea to the north of Syrtis Minor.

p. 61.

TERRACINA. A city of Latium, called also Anxur, situate on the sea-
coast, in a northeastern direction from the Circean promontory. Anxur
was probably its Volscian name. We learn from Horace that this city
stood on the lofty rock at the foot of which the modern Terracina is
situate. According to Strabo, it was first called Trachina, a Greek ap-
pellation, indicative of the ruggedness of its situation.

p. 102.
THALA. A city of Numidia, the true position of which is unknown.
It is generally supposed to have been the same with Telepte, now Fer-

reanach.

p. 49.

THERA. An island of the Aegean sea, forming one of the Sporades,
and situate about seven hundred stadia from the Cretan coast, in a north-

east direction. The modern name is Santorin. This island is supposed
to have been of volcanic origin, as, according to some accounts, two
islands near it rose on a sudden from the sea. Its earlier name was
Calliste, in allusion to its beauty.

THIRMÏDA. A town of Numidia, the situation of which is unknown.
Dr. Shaw places it near the coast.

p. 14.
p. 7.
THRACIA. A mountainous country, between the Strymon and Euxine
from west to east, and the chain of mount Haemus and the shores of
the Aegean and Propontis from north to south. The inhabitants were
brave, but comparatively uncivilized. The modern name is Roumilia

(Roum-ili.)

p. 27.
TISIDIUM. A town of Numidia, supposed by some to have been the
same with what Ptolemy calls Thisica, between the city of Thabraca
and the river Bagradas. M. Barbie du Bocage, however, suspects it to
have been identical with Tisdrum, a large city in the district of Empo-
ria, now El-Jem.

p. 43

TRANSPADANUS.

Vid. Gallia Cispadana.

U.

UTICA A city of Africa, on the seacoast, southwest of Carthage,
and separated from its immediate district by the river Bagradas. Utica
was the earliest, or one of the earliest, colonies planted by Tyre on the
African coast; and Bochart derives the name from the Phoenician Atiké,
i. e. "ancient." The Greek name of the place, 'Irún, is perhaps a cor-
ruption of this. Justin makes Utica more ancient than Carthage. It
was more or less dependant, however, on the power of this latter city,
and hence the disaffection frequently shown by its inhabitants to the Car-
thaginian cause. Utica rose in importance after the fall of Carthage.
When, however, Carthage was rebuilt, it again took the second rank.
Here Cato the younger put an end to his existence, whence the name
Uticensis given him in history. The remains of Utica are to be seen
near the modern Porto Farina, in the district of Tunis.

p. 18

V.

VAGA. Called also Vacca, a city of Africa, west of Carthage, or
the river Rubricatus, and celebrated among the Numidian trading-
places for its extensive traffic. D'Anville and Barbie du Bocage re-
cognise traces of the ancient name in the modern Vegja, or Beja, in
the district of Tunis. The modern name of the Rubricatus is Wad-el
Berber.

p. 20

Z.

ZAMA. A city of Africa, called Zama Regia, and lying some distance
to the southwest of Carthage, and to the northwest of Hadrumetum.
Sallust describes it as a large place, and strongly fortified. It became
the residence subsequently of Juba, and the deposite for his treasures.

Strabo speaks of it as being in his days a ruined city, it probably met
with this fate during the civil wars. It appears to have been afterwards
rebuilt, and to have become the seat of a bishopric. The modern
Zowarin marks the ancient site. There was another Zama, five days'
journey west of Carthage, according to Polybius (15, 5). Near this lat-
ter place was fought the famous battle between the elder Africanus and
Hannibal.

p. 39