"There shall be friendship between the Romans and their allies, and the Carthaginians and their allies, on these conditions: (1) “Neither the Romans nor their allies are to sail beyond1 the Fair Promontory, unless driven by stress of weather or the fear of enemies. If any one of them be driven ashore he shall not buy or take aught for himself save what is needful for the repair of his ship and the service of the gods, and he shall depart within five days. (2) “Men landing for traffic shall strike no bargain save in the presence of a herald or town-clerk. Whatever is sold in the presence of these, let the price be secured to the τοῦ Καλοῦ ἀκρωτηρίου, ἐὰν μὴ ὑπὸ χειμῶνος ἢ πολεμίων ἀναγκαστ θῶσιν· ἐὰν δέ τις βίᾳ κατενεχθῇ, μὴ ἐξέστο αὐτῷ μηδὲν ἀγοράζειν μηδὲ λαμβάνειν, πλὴν ὅσα πρὸς πλοίου ἐπισκευὴν ἢ πρὸς ἱερά. ἐν πέντε δ ̓ ἡμέραις ἀποτρεχέτω. τοῖς δὲ κατ ̓ ἐμπορίαν παραγινομένοις μηδὲν ἔστω τέλος πλὴν ἐπὶ κήρυκι ἢ γραμματεῖ· ὅσα δ ̓ ἂν τούτων παρόντων πραθῇ, δημοσία πίστει ὀφειλέσθω τῷ ἀποδομένῳ, ὅσα ἂν ἢ ἐν Λιβύῃ ἢ ἐν Σαρδόνι πραθῇ, ἐὰν Ῥωμαίων τις εἰς Σικελίαν παραγίνηται ἧς Καρχηδόνιοι ἐπάρχουσιν, ἴσα ἔστω τὰ Ῥωμαίων πάντα. Καρχηδόνιοι δὲ μὴ ἀδικείτωσαν δῆμον ̓Αρδεατῶν ̓Αντιατῶν Λαρεντίνων Κιρκαιιτῶν Ταρρακινιτῶν, μηδ ̓ ἄλλον μηδένα Λατίνων, ὅσοι ἂν ὑπήκοοι. ἐὰν δέ τινες μὴ ὦσιν ὑπήκοοι, τῶν πόλεων ἀπεχέσ θωσαν· ἂν δὲ λάβωσι, Ῥωμαίοις ἀποδιδότωσαν ἀκέραιον, φρούριον μὴ ἐνοικοδομείτωσαν ἐν τῇ Λατίνῃ. ἐὰν ὡς πολέμιοι εἰς τὴν χώραν εἰσέλθωσιν, ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ μὴ ἐννυκτερευέτωσαν.” The following may be consulted with regard to this treaty: Heyne, Opuscula academica..., t. iii. pp. 39-78; G. Wolff, De primo inter Romanos et Carthaginienses foedere (Neubrandenburg, 1843) ; E. Müller, Ueber das älteste römisch-karthagische Bündniss (in Verhandlungen der Versammlung der deutschen Philologen, Frankfurt-amMain, 1861; pp. 79-92); H. Nissen, loc. cit.; A. Pirro, Il primo trattato fra Roma e Cartagine (Pisa, 1892). 17.e. to the W. or S. of the promontory, which, in this case, was probably the Mercurii Pr., C. Bon, the eastern headland of the Gulf of Carthage. Polybius suggests that the aim of this prohibition was to prevent foreigners from taking part in the trade of the colonies on the coast of Byzacium and the Emporia on the Lesser Syrtis. 2 Probably by public auction. Limitation of maritime exploits. Commercial contracts. Civic rights. Limitation of military action. Second treaty, c. 306 B.C. seller on the credit of the State-that is to (3) “If any Roman comes to the Cartha- (4) « From those townships even which are not subject to Rome1 they shall hold their lands; and if they take one shall deliver it unharmed to the Romans. They shall build no fort in Latium; and if they enter the district in arms, they shall not stay a night therein." "This treaty," says the writer in the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography," "clearly indicates the respective dominions, and the relative positions of the two States at the end of the sixth century B.C.; for it is ridiculous to suppose that it was designed to anticipate relations which might occur at some future time, and not to settle questions which had actually arisen." The second treaty between Rome and Carthage, concluded about 306 B.c., prohibited the practice of reprisals, and regulated other important relationships between the two States. The provisions, given by Polybius, are as follows : 3 1 i.e. those in Latium. 2 s.v. Carthago, vol. i. p. 539. 3 Polyb. iii. 24 : “ἐπὶ τοῖσδε φιλίαν εἶναι Ρωμαίοις καὶ τοῖς Ρωμαίων συμμάχοις καὶ Καρχηδονίων καὶ Τυρίων καὶ Ἰτυκαίων δήμῳ καὶ τοῖς τούτων συμμάχοις. τοῦ Καλοῦ ἀκρωτηρίου, Μαστίας, Ταρσηίου μὴ ληίζεσθαι ἐπέκεινα Ῥωμαίους μηδ' ἐμπορεύεσθαι μηδὲ πόλιν κτίζειν. ἐὰν δὲ Καρχηδόνιοι λάβωσιν ἐν τῇ Λατίνῃ πόλιν τινὰ μὴ οὖσαν ὑπήκοον Ρωμαίοις, τὰ χρήματα καὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας ἐχέτωσαν, τὴν δὲ πόλιν ἀποδιδότωσαν. ἐὰν δέ τινες Καρχηδονίων λάβωσί τινας πρὸς οὓς εἰρήνη μέν ἐστιν ἔγγραπτος Ῥωμαίοις, μὴ ὑποτάττονται δέ τι αὐτοῖς, μὴ καταγέτωσαν εἰς τοὺς Ρωμαίων λιμένας ἐὰν δὲ καταχθέντος ἐπιλάβηται ὁ Ρωμαῖος, ἀφιέσθω. ὡσαύτως δὲ "There shall be friendship between the Romans and their allies, and the Carthaginians, Tyrians, and township of Utica, on these terms : (1) “The Romans shall not maraud, nor traffic, nor found a city east of the Fair Promontory, Mastia, Tarseium. If the Carthaginians take any city in Latium which is not subject to Rome, they may keep the prisoners and the goods, but shall deliver up the town. If the Carthaginians take any folk, between whom and Rome a peace has been made in writing, though they be not subject to them, they shall not bring them into any harbours of the Romans; if such a one be so brought ashore, and any Roman lay claim to him, he shall be released. In like manner shall the Romans be bound towards the Carthaginians. (2) "If a Roman take water or provisions from any district within the jurisdiction of Carthage, he shall not injure, while so doing, any between whom and Carthage there is peace and friendship. Neither shall a Carthaginian in like case. If any one shall do so, he shall not be punished by private vengeance, but such action shall be a public misdemeanour. (3) “In Sardinia and Libya no Roman μηδ' οἱ Ρωμαῖοι ποιείτωσαν. ἂν ἔκ τινος χώρας ἧς Καρχηδόνιοι ἐπάρχουσιν, ὕδωρ ἢ ἐφόδια λάβῃ ὁ Ρωμαῖος, μετὰ τούτων τῶν ἐφοδίων μὴ ἀδικείτο μηδένα πρὸς οὓς εἰρήνη καὶ φιλία ἐστὶ Καρχηδονίοις. ὡσαύτως δὲ μηδ' ὁ Καρχηδόνιος ποιείτω. εἰ δέ, μὴ ἰδίᾳ μεταπορευέσθω· ἐὰν δέ τις τοῦτο ποιήσῃ, δημόσιον γινέσθω τὸ ἀδίκημα. ἐν Σαρδόνι και Λιβύῃ μηδεὶς Ρωμαίων μήτ' ἐμπορευέσθω μήτε πόλιν κτιζέτω, εἰ μὴ ἕως τοῦ ἐφόδια λαβεῖν ἢ πλοῖον ἐπισκευάσαι, ἐὰν δὲ χειμὼν κατενέγκῃ, ἐν πένθ ̓ ἡμέραις ἀποτρεχέτω. ἐν Σικελίᾳ ἧς Καρχηδόνιοι ἐπάρχουσι καὶ ἐν Καρχηδόνι πάντα καὶ ποιείτω καὶ πωλείτω ὅσα καὶ τῷ πολίτῃ ἔξεστιν. ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ὁ Καρχηδόνιος ποιείτω ἐν Ῥωμη. Limitation of maritime and military exploits. Punishment regularized. Territorial extension. Mutual concessions. Third treaty, 279 B.C. Mutual aid guaranteed in spite of alliances with others. shall traffic or found a city; he shall do no (4) "In the Carthaginian province of Sicily to do In like manner also may a Cartha- The third treaty concluded between Rome and Carthage, 279 B.C., at the time of the invasion of Pyrrhus into Sicily, contained substantially the same provisions as those of the two preceding conventions, together with the following additional clauses:1 (1) "If they make a treaty of alliance with Pyrrhus, the Romans or Carthaginians shall make it on such terms as not to preclude the one giving aid to the other, if that one's territory is attacked. (2) "If one or the other stand in need of help, the Carthaginians shall supply the ships, whether for transport or war; but each people shall supply the pay for its own men employed on them. (3) "The Carthaginians shall also give aid by sea to the Romans if need be; but no one shall compel the crews to disembark against their will." It appears that there were a fourth and a fifth treaty entered into between the same parties; but they need not concern us here.2 1 Polyb. iii. 25 : “ ἐὰν συμμαχίαν ποιῶνται πρὸς Πύρρον ἔγγραπτον, ποιείσθωσαν ἀμφότεροι, ἵνα ἐξῇ βοηθεῖν ἀλλήλοις ἐν τῇ τῶν πολεμουμένων χώρα. ὁπότεροι δ ̓ ἂν χρείαν ἔχωσι τῆς βοηθείας, τὰ πλοῖα παρεχέτωσαν Καρχηδόνιοι καὶ εἰς τὴν ὁδὸν καὶ εἰς τὴν ἔφοδον, τὰ δὲ ὀψώνια τοῖς αὑτῶν ἑκάτεροι. Καρχηδόνιοι δὲ καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν Ρωμαίοις βοηθείτωσαν, ἂν χρεία . τὰ δὲ πληρώματα μηδεὶς ἀναγκαζέτο ἐκβαίνειν ἀκουσίως.” 2 Cf. Nissen, loc. cit. Rome and the When the war between Rome and Macedon was Treaty between renewed in 200 B.C., the Aetolians at first decided to Aetolians, remain neutral; but owing to the success of the consul 197 B.C. Galba they soon joined the Romans, declared war against Philip, and took part in the battle of Cynoscephalae, 197 B.C.1 Afterwards the two parties entered into a formal treaty, with a view to break the power of Macedon; and it was stipulated that whatever booty might be taken should go to the Romans, and the lands and conquered towns to the Aetolians.2 Rome and The Aetolians were discontented with the settlement Treaty between by Flamininus of the affairs in Greece, after the victory Aetolia, in 197 B.C.; and on the return of Flamininus to Italy, 189 B.C. they invited Antiochus to invade Greece, and soon after declared war against Rome, 192 B.C. The Roman consul M. Fulvius Nobilior proceeded to Greece, and laid siege to Ambracia, 189 B.C. In the meantime Antiochus was defeated at Thermopylae, 191 B.C., and at Magnesia, 189 B.C. Hence the Aetolians were compelled to sue for peace on any terms. Romans granted it, but not without destroying the independence of their adversaries and making them their vassals. The following were the provisions: 3 (1) "The people of the Aetolians shall in good faith maintain the empire and majesty of the people of Rome. (2) "They shall not allow hostile forces to pass through their territory or cities against the Romans, their allies or friends; nor grant them any supplies from the public fund. (3) "They shall have the same enemies as the people of Rome; and if the Roman people go to war with any, the Aetolian people shall do so also. 1 Liv. xxxiii. 7. The 2 Liv. xxxiii. 13: 66 ... ut belli praeda rerum, quae ferri agique possent, Romanos, ager urbesque captae Aetolos sequerentur." 3 Polyb. xxi. 32 (xxii. 13 (15)); cf. Liv. xxxviii. 11. Aetolia in subjection. Passage of hostile forces. Union against common enemy. |