creare, or facere.) If the due rites were not observed, the dictator had to resign, cf. 34, 10. He could not be nominated outside the Ager Romanus, i.e. Italy, 27, 5, m. We may infer that the dictator was unfettered by the tribunician intercessio, though the tribunes still held office, while even the consuls had to submit to his orders, 11, 5—6; 31, 7. After the battle of Cannae we find two dictators existing together, 23, 22, 11. After the second Punic War the dictatorship ceased, till revived in the persons of Sulla and Caesar. It was abolished by Antonius, Epit. 119, f.; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, f. Cf. Momms. 1, 262, 352 (n.). Ihne, Early Rome 102, thinks that as the dictators, under the name of masters of the people or chief praetors, existed in regal Rome, they were the officers commanding the army under the sacerdotal kings.

Italiam, i.e. between Rome and Ariminum, from which Servilius was advancing.

litteras, sc. ad consulem.

nec dictatorem populus (P2) (populo P1) creare poterat. I have retained the vulg. after P (with Fab. and Hwg.), though with hesitation. Harant keeps the MS. reading without alteration, translating and as consequently the consul could not name a dictator to the people'. Th. Momms. C. I. L. 288 (so Müller) strikes

out the passage as a gloss. Madv. Emend. Liv. 238 boldly inserts (after populo) non consulto senatus. Weiss. Wfl. Luterb. adopt praetor for populo. In the MSS there is often a confusion betwen p. r.

pop. Rom. and pr. praetor. Though we find the praetor acting as the consul's representative (9, 11; 33, 9), yet we do not find him nominating a dictator, until this was done in the case of Caesar, which Cic. Att. 9, 15, 2 calls illegal. Plut. Marc. 24, 9 indeed says τῶν ὑπάτων τις ἢ τῶν στρατηyou eye dikтáтopa: but probably in this case the praetor was merely the instrument of the people, and not independent, like the consul. An exceptional election occurs 4, 31, m.

6. eam: late MS. eum: dies fem. sing. properly = an appointed day (33, 9), but sometimes without such restriction. Cf. 22, 11.

dictatorem: vulg.prodictatorem -cf. 31, 10. This word, not elsewhere found, is formed on the analogy of proconsul and propraetor (sup. 1), though we should rather read prodictatore, cf. C. Prov. 7, 17. The chief objections to this are (1) that Fabius is called dictator up to 31, 10: cf. 9, 7; so Pol. 3, 87; Corp. I. L. 1, 288, 435; and Fasti Consulares: (2) that Minucius is not called promagister equitum (he held equal rank, cf. 25, 10). If praetor be read, quod...erat will refer to what follows.

populus, i.e. the Comitia centuriata, under presidency of the praetor urbanus probably, cf. 27, 5, 16.

Q. Fab. Max. He had three agnomina, i.e. Verrucosus, from a wart (verruca) on the upper lip; Ovicula, the Lamb', from his temper (Aur. Vict. De Vir. Ill.); and Cunctator, 'the Lingerer', from his cautious military operations. Liv. 9, 46, f. says that the great-grandfather of the dictator earned the cognomen Maximus from his political services; but Pol. 3, 87 and Virg. A. 6, 846 give it to the hero of this war, and Liv. 30, 26, m. is doubtful. In this chap. Liv. refers to the words of Ennius An. 9, 8 Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem (cf. Thackeray Anth. Lat. 14). Cf. Cic. Off. 1, 24, f.; ib. Rep. 1, 1 bellum Punicum secundum enervavit. Liv. 21, 18, 3; infr. chaps. 9-12, 14-18, 23-26, 28-31, 39, 55; Sil. 7, 1 and passim; Sall. J. 4, 5; Eutrop. 3, 9. Fabius was consul B.C. 233, with M'. Pomponius Matho, censor B.C. 230, consul again B.C. 228, when he concluded a treaty with Hasdrubal, and also in B.C. 215, 214, 209. He died before the end of the war B.C. 203.

M. Minucium. The dictator represented the aristocracy, the master of the horse the popular party. The latter was consul B.C. 221. Cf. infr. 12-30, 49.

The magister equitum was regularly chosen by the dictator (27, 5, f.), though occasionally by the Senate, 57, 9, and had to resign along with his superior officer, on both of whom the imperium was conferred by a lex curiata. The title was derived from the fact that he was supposed to command the cavalry, while the dictator led the legionary infantry, like the magister equitum (not the tribunus celerum) under the kings. Cf. Momms. 1, 78 (n.), 79. In the absence of the dictator he acted as his substitute, but was subject to his authority, to which we find the exception 25, 10.

7. muros. The Romans expected Hann. to attack the city; but his object was first of all to win over their allies, cf. 7, 5; hence his march to Apulia, which the Romans attributed to divine interposition, App. H. 12. Aluminum, i.e. Tiber, Anio, Liris, &c.

pro urbe ac penatibus, conj. Alsch., ac paenatibus p. u. P, and three best MSS. Gron. ad penates p. u. (so vulg.). Cf. 28, 18, in. sub uno tecto...atque ad eosdem penates; 21, 46, 6; for text cf. 3, 10. Sigon. accepts ac cum Poenis p. u. of old edd.

dimicandum esse, sc. senatores dicebant from negotium...datum. quando quandoquidem.

=

troops with the arms taken from the Romans in battle. Cf. 46, 4; Pol. 3, 87.

refectusque, sc. est.

hibernis i., alluding to 1, 1; and 21, 57, 5-9; ib. 58, 2-9. palustri v.,referring to 2, 2-11. ad eventum s., 'favourable in its result'si ad eventum spectatur; for this use of ad cf. 2, 4; 21, 25, 6; 9, 16, m. invicti ad laborem; 26, 16, m.; Nägelsb. 398.

levi aut facili, with slight loss or easily won'; for the adjs. cf. 5, 22, 6.

affectus, 'exhausted'; cf. 8, 3; 21, 11, 13.

5. quieti P, quietis Gron. Most of the modern editors adopt the latter as simpler; but the text is supported by 27, 45, f. quod satis ad desiderium...esset quieti dare. We may render 'when sufficient time had been given to repose for soldiers who delighted in plunder' &c.

praeda praedatio (for combination cf. 1, 2). Cf. active use of error 1, 3; terror 21, 63, 14; Nägelsb. 167.

=

gaudentibus dat. (for this participial construction with suppressed subject cf. 21, 43, 4); Stroth regards it as abl. abs.; Drak. joins it with profectus (cum being omitted), as 21, 26, 3; ib. 48, 4.

Praetutianum. The Praetutii were a tribe situated in the south of Picenum, cf. L. 27, 43. In

the 7th cent. the name was abbreviated into Prutium, or Aprutium, whence mod. Abruzzo, Kiepert Lehrbuch d. a. Geog. 413; Blondi Flavii Ital. Ill. 394. The capital was Interamnium (mod. Teramo). The district was famous for its vines, cf. Sil. 15, 571.

Hadrianum. Hadria, or Hatria (Kiep.) (some MSS. omit the H), a town in Picenum, on site of mod. Atri, a few miles from the Adriatic, where the Romans founded a colony B.C. 289. Liv. Epit. 11. Cf. L. 27, 10. The H. ager of which Liv. here speaks lay between the rivers Vomanus and Matrinus. Sil. 8, 440. Hadrian was sprung from a family belonging to this city. Meriv. R. 8, 180. The best MSS. omit que, which vulg. with late MSS. appends to Hadrianum, cf. 21, 8, 6.

Marsos, &c. Note names of tribes substituted for non-existing names of territories, cf. 21, 5, 5; ib. 31, 9. Livy clearly gives the wrong order, as south of Hadria were the Marrucini, west of them the Peligni (18, 6); and further inland the Marsi: Pol. 3, 88, 3 more accurately states that H. advanced from Hadria to the Marrucini, and then to the Frentani, intervening between the former and Apulia. For these Sabellian tribes cf. Momms. 1, 123: they were conquered by Rome B.c. 304. L. 9,