primum: note absence of corresponding deinde. Cf. 2, 10; 21, 62, 7.

fulmen, 'thunderbolt': cf. Ov. F. 1, 202.

pondo sc. librarum. Cf. 21, 62, 8; infr. 23, 6; 37, 5.

fieret, for jussive subj. in quasi dependence on decretum est. Cf. Rob. 1606.

Iunoni, cf. 21, 62, 4 and 8: Minervaeque, cf. 7, 3, m.: the primitive form is Menerva, conn. with mens, moneo, hence in archaic Lat. promenervat=monet. Note hexameter ending.

Sospitae, cf. 8, 14, 4: with this collateral fem. of sospes cf. clienta, hospita, antistita.

18. quantum sc. pecuniae: Gron. prefers quantam (cf. 25, 12, 14): P quintum conferrent quique. lectisternium, cf. 21, 62, 9. fieret C2: fieretque PC1; hence Gron.reads fieret; quin (so vulg.): for quin et cf. 33, 46, f.

=

et ipsae: i.e. as well as the matrons. Stroth, accepting vulg. et l. ut ipsae, understands the last words like the matrons themselves, on the ground that ipse 'the master', ipsa 'the mistress'. Cf. Cat. 3, 7. Macrob. 1,6, 13 mentions that during this war, by direction of the Sibylline oracles, freedwomen were allowed to contribute, and their children to wear the praetexta. This

was the first occasion on which the freedmen were permitted to join in religious ceremonies, while at the same time they were enrolled in the legions. Cf. 11, 8. On the three classes of freedmen and the three ways of manumission cf. Just. Inst. 1, 5 (Sandars). A man was called libertus (areλev@epos) with respect to his patron (Hor. S. 2, 3, 122), but libertinus as to his condition.

unde =ex qua (sc. pecunia); cf. 49, 17; 21, 10, 9.

Feroniae: the goddess Feronia had three sanctuaries in Italy, (1) at Feronia (mod. Acqua Felonica) in Etruria between Capena and Mt. Soracte, which is probably meant here, and 1, 30, 5 (though Preller R. Myth-cf. 357 and 377-refers the latter to Trebula of the Sabines); (2) between Pisae and Luna; (3) near Tarracina (on site of mod. Torre di Terracina): in this temple there was a seat on which if a slave sat he received his freedom, with the emblematical pileus. This is the place referred to by Virg. A. 7, 800; Tac. H. 3, 76; Hor. S. 1, 5, 24, where Torrentius (and Seeley on Liv. 1, 30, 5) quotes the Greek titles given to this Sabine goddess, who presided over freedmen and flowers, i. e. 'Avondópos, ÞiλOOTÉpavos, and Pepoepóvn, Dion. Hal.

1. dis habendoque MS. Ber.: distrahendo P: hence Gron. and Drak. read trahendo delaying; but such policy on the part of Servilius would be illtimed and

absurd.

dilectu (on spelling, cf. CIL 3, 6067, Riem. 214)=dative. Cf. 11, 5; 9, 5, 6; 4, 12, f. usu; 7, 2, m. versu. This ancient form (parallel to pernicie=perniciei 5, 12, 4, &c.) is common in Tac. Cf. Tac. A. 3, 33, m.; Plaut. Rud. 2, 1, 5; Prop. 1, 13, 30; ib. 2, 1, 66; Virg. G. 4, 158 and 198; A. 6, 465; 9, 605.

dat operam, cf. 21, 45, 6. Liv. omits to mention the number of the Roman army; but Appian H. 8, supplies the deficiency. The strength of the army was raised to thirteen legions, and twice as many demanded from the Italian allies. Two legions were sent to Spain, and one to Sicily, Sardinia and Tarentum respectively. Servilius received two fresh legions, together with the remainder of Scipio's two, while Flaminius got two new legions with the remainder of those of Sempronius. The contingents of the Italian allies and Latin name were divided between the consuls.

ex hibernis: Hann.'s quarters were in Liguria, cf. 21, 59, 10. Two approaches to Rome lay before him, either from Ariminum

by the Flaminian Way (infr. 11,5), or across the Apennines through Etruria. He preferred the latter partly (according to Pol. 3, 78, 6) as the more direct, partly as he doubtless received intelligence respecting the character of Flaminius, who was there opposed to him, and whose rashness and impetuosity found their parallel in Sempronius (21, 54, 8), whereas Servilius would probably avoid an engagement until joined by his colleague.

Arretium (mod. Arezzo): this was one of the most powerful cities of Etruria, ranking with Volsinii, Perusia and Cortona (9, 37, f.; 10, 37, in.), and an important military position, being the key of Etruria and the Tiber valley from the north.

2. aliud, i.e. by Ariminum. Hann. avoided the other routes by Luna, Bononia, &c., because of their distance, or as being probably guarded by the enemy (Pol. 1. c.), and running close to fortified towns in alliance with Rome, though much weight is not to be attached to the last point, when we remember Mago's advance towards Placentia, 21, 47, 7. Strab. 5, 2, 9 says that the way by Ariminum and Umbria was avoided, as H. knew that it was well guarded.

propiorem: crossing the Apennines he probably reached the

neighbourhood of Pistoria, thence passing through the marshy ground to Faesulae (3, 3), thence past Arretium to Cortona (4, 1), as far as Lake Trasumennus (6, 7), thence to Spoletium (9, 1), where he altered his forward march, proceeding to Picenum (9, 2). paludes conj. Rup., cf. 3, 1: paludem vulg. with MSS. These marshes lay between the Auser and Arnus, and are still represented in part by the L. Fucecchio and Bientina, north of the Arno, though probably the low ground in which Florence lies was then more liable to the inundations of that river in the spring, and was also a marsh at that period of the year, as well as in winter. Strab. 5, 1, 11 erroneously places these marshes in the valley of the Po.

solito m. cf. 14, 2. inundaverat 'had overflowed': this intrans. use is rare. Liv. always uses the acc. after this verb, except here and 8, 24, m., where campis is not dat. but abl., as Fab. shews.

3. et (omne) and generally', or simply epexegetical as in 21, 55, 2, and Pol. 3, 79, 1 (which is here closely copied) els τηv πρwτοπορείαν ἔθηκε τοὺς Λίβυας καὶ Ιβηρας καὶ πᾶν τὸ χρησιμώτερον μέρος τῆς σφετέρας δυνάμεως. For other nationalities in Hann.'s army, which may possibly be meant here (as opposed to troops

from Gaul), cf. 21, 22, 2—3. P reads et o. v. erat; Gron. conj. id for et (so vulg.): old edd. et o. quod v. eråt. Probably erant sprang from a dittography and was altered into the sing. by a corrector.

ipsorum 'their own baggage" exclusively; but cf. Pol. 1. c. συγκαταμίξας αὐτοῖς τὴν ἀποσκευήν, which would imply the entire baggage.

necubine-cubi, i. e. ne alicubi; cf. 16, 5; 28, 8; ne-cunde, i. e. ne alicunde, 23, 10; the initial c (=k- i.e. ka) is lost in ubi and unde, but is preserved in the pro-noun-hic-hi-ce, nunc=nun-ce, sic-si-ce: so ka is found in Sansk. kas=quis, кŵs, &c. Cf. Ferrar's Comp. G. p. 43.

Gallos=subject.

id=ii, the Gauls; cf. 6,3; 21, 10, 12 (where vulg. with two of best MSS. has id for ad); ib. 31, 10: Rob. 1068.

4. cogere (=claudere) agmen = 'to bring up the rear', 'close the line', cf. 44, 4, f. Liv. seems to make four divisions, while Pol. gives only three, Mago having charge of the novissimum agmen = οὐρά, οὐραγία.

maxime, &c. especially to restrain the Gauls', cohibentem= cohibiturum. Cf. 21, 6, 2 orantes.