128. Quisque has a tendency to pass into a subordinate clause, where each' is in the English main clause; as, Let each man practise the craft he knows. Quam quisque novit artem, in hac se exerceat. Theatrum cum commune sit, recte tamen dici potest eius esse eum locum quem quisque occupaverit. It is very freely used in translating ideas of distribution and proportion. (55, 4.) Every fifth year. Quinto quoque anno. The heads of their respective trades. Qui cuique artificio praesunt. A few appear, moved respectively by individual zeal or interest. Pauci ut quosque studium privatim aut gratia occupaverant adsunt. Quotus enim quisque philosophorum reperitur qui sit ita moratus ut ratio postulat. Notice that quisque should not be used as an equivalent for omnes, where there is no idea of individualisation. 129. Notice the following combinations and uses of tantus, etc. Hos tantos tamque profusos sumptus. Tantam illam copiam et tam magnificum apparatum. quantum in cellam sumere ei licitum est, Sed tamen ita distinebas ut huic vix tantulae epistulae tempus habuerim. Such is their tremendous pride, such their insolence. Quod eorum tantum fastidium est, quae tanta arrogantia. 129 b. Where in English the writer avoids a pronoun by unnecessary designations, such as 'the prince,' 'the traveller,' 'the conqueror,' 'the general,' 'the great minister,' and such like, Latin is inclined to employ the pronoun only. NOTES ON VERBS. 130. Latin verbs are notoriously deficient in certain parts. For the present participle passive we have, apart from periphrases in the shape of subordinate (relative, etc.) clauses, (1) The gerundive, rarely. I laboured as hard in public when my honours were won, as when they were being aimed at. Partis honoribus eosdem in foro gessi labores quos petendis. (2) As rarely, the perfect participle passive. Assured peace is better and safer than a victory which Melior tutiorque est certa pax quam sperata victoria. Inter haec parata atque decreta. In some cases, as in the use of obsessi=oi πoλoρкοúμevo, the participle seems to have passed into an adjective. (3) The deficient present participle of esse is sometimes left entirely unrepresented; as, Ecce autem successere huic, Clodius et Asellio, nihil ad Caelium (though being nothing compared to C.). Sed in Marcum pari benevolentia (being equally well disposed), hoc magis sum Publico deditus, quod, etc. Ut vel non stultus quasi stulte cum sale dicat aliquid. For the perfect participle active we have-— (a) Verbal substantives as discessu, adventu, solis occasu, concessu, permissu. Cum tu discessu ceterorum (the rest having left) nostra tamen qui remansissemus caede te contentum esse dicebas. (b) The perfect passive participle, in the ablative absolute or otherwise. Having crossed to the mainland. In continentem transvectus. The most marked cases of the ablative absolute are where it is closely applied to a pronoun. Having himself also divided his army into three, he set out. Diviso et ipse in tres partes exercitu incessit. Causa ipse pro se dicta quindecim milibus aeris damnatur. Tum vero omnes, velut diis auctoribus in spem suam quisque acceptis, proelium poscunt. The passive of certain verbs, e.g. deponents like vereor, miror, obliviscor, veneror, suspicor, etc., is supplied by devices like (a) Metui, odio, admirationi, etc., esse. (b) In oblivionem adduci-oblivione obrui, oblitterari-imitatione exprimi. (c) Magna est admiratio copiose sapienterque dicentis. (d) Habet venerationem iustam quicquid excellit. Odii nihil Messala habet. Reversio quae plus venerationis habet. (e) In odium, crimen, invidiam, suspicionem venire. (f) Oculis colliguntur (are enjoyed) innumerabiles voluptates. 131. The future participle active has various special uses. (1) It denotes a decision or determination. The dictator advanced against the foe, determined not to We will try a policy of honesty, so long as it offers a hope Honesta, quamdiu aliqua illis spes inest, sequemur, in contrarium transituri si plus scelera promittent. (2) It denotes a doom, or destiny. They go doomed into the battle. (3) In Livy it sometimes has a conditional sense; as, Darius could not be taken openly if so many thousand Propalam comprehendi Darius non poterat, tot 132. Transitive verbs are sometimes used without any object, as in English. This must not be done, however, without an example to warrant it. It was believed that he threw himself off his horse into an open well. Creditus est in puteum apertum ex equo praecipi tasse. From which class it is the custom of trainers to recruit. Annona haud multum laxaverat. Non obtundam diutius. Terror inde ac desperatio invaserat. The presence of a prepositional phrase, particularly with de, or an adverb, helps the usage greatly. Negat se de existimatione sua cuiquam nisi suis commissurum. Cum universo ordini publicanorum libentissime tribuerim. Liberaliter pollicitus - optime sperare-repetam paulo altius. |