16. The quod clause is very frequently without any definite relation to the rest of the sentence, as a kind of accusative of relation.

As regards my statement above that Curio was more than lukewarm, he is now hot.

Quod tibi supra scripsi Curionem valde frigere, nunc calet.

The following phrases, collected from some of Cicero's letters, will give an instance of the frequency of the construction and examples of its use:-Quod scire visquod mihi de nostro statu gratularis quod scribis te velle scire-quod rogas ut de filia mea tibi scripta mittam -quod me admones ut scribam-quod me audis erectiorem esse animo-quod dicis (generally at the beginning of a sentence).

17. A final clause with ut, ne, ut ne is found as object to verbs whose action looks to some end. Such are verbs of admonishing, advising, asking, commanding, decreeing, determining, endeavouring, permitting, persuading, wishing, attempting to hinder. Latin-Id ago, caveo (ne), censeo, cogo, contendo, concedo, constituo (statuo), curo, decerno, edico, flagito, hortor, impero, insto, mando, moneo, negotium do, operam do, oro, permitto, persuadeo, peto, postulo, praecipio, precor, pronuntio, quaero, rogo, scisco, video, volo. The same clause is subject to the passives of many of these. Many, see 9, also take the infinitive construction.

I advise you to avoid all suspicion.

Moneo ut omnem suspicionem vites.

They were allowed to go.

Permissum est ut abirent.

With several the ut may be omitted, especially with those denoting wish, necessity, permission.

18. Verbs of fearing take a special construction, ne answering to the English 'that' or 'lest,' and ut or ne non answering to that. . . not.'

There is a danger lest he grow too strong.
Periculum est ne nimis potens fiat.

I fear that Verres has been acquitted.
Vereor ne Verres absolutus sit.

19. A consecutive clause denoting a result with ut, ut non, is found (1) very frequently as the subject of many impersonal verbs and expressions,1 and (2) more rarely as the object of several verbs which denote the accomplishment of an effort. Such are (1) accedit, accidit, additur, conducit, contingit, convenit (it is agreed), est, evenit, expedit, fit, fieri potest, fore, futurum est, interest, licet, oportet, placet, praestat, prodest, refert, relinquitur, restat, sequitur, superest, aequum est, altera res est, consuetudo est, integrum est, lex est, mos est, munus est, necesse est, opus est, prope est, proximum est, rectum est, reliquum est, tanti est, tantum abest, verisimile est, verum est; (2) committo, consequor, efficio, facio, impetro. It is also common after quam.

It often happens that those who owe do not come up to time. Saepe fit ut ii qui debent non respondeant ad tempus.

It was my fault that you had no successor.

Factum est mea culpa ut tibi non succederetur.

I have made the second year involve a third.

Id commisi ut ille alter annus tertium adduceret.

1 See the lists given in Mr. Postgate's Grammar.

OBS. In many cases the clause connected with these expressions may also be final (negative ne) accordingly as the result or purpose of the action is most prominent.

It is the first duty of justice (to see that) that no one hurts another.

Iustitiae primum munus est ut ne cui quis noceat.

20. Quin and quominus sometimes introduce sentences acting as subject or object, though originally these sentences have been final or consecutive. Some sentences with quin (how . . . not') are true substantival sentences, and fall under interrogatio obliqua.

It is difficult to give any rules for their use, but it may be said generally

(1) That verbs and expressions of forbidding, hindering, restraining, or declining, whether negatived or not, are followed by ne and quominus, the former where the intention rather than the result is indicated.

(2) That some of the same expressions, when negatived, and those of not neglecting, not doubting, and many other negative phrases take quin; yet impedio, prohibeo, inter cedo, interdico, even when negatived, rarely take quin.

No verb or expression should be constructed with quin or quominus unless there is warrant for it. The following instances may serve as guide:

QUOMINUS.-Non deterret sapientem mors quominus—per te stetit quominus-interpellare aliquem quominus-cognovit per Afranum stare quominus—neque impedio quominus— non accusabo [repugnabo] quominus-nullis terminis circumscribere suum ius quominus—nulla excusatio quominus adesset satis visa est-causam magnam puto quominus—hiems prohibuit quominus—te infirmitas tenuit quominus—quae religio fuerat quominus...?-ne clarissimi quidem viri abstinuerunt quominus-nec vero Isocrati offecit quominus.

NE.-Ne facerem impedivit―obstitisti ne― impedior ne— interdictum erat ne-recuso ne-ne diceret recusavit.

QUIN.-Facere non possum quin-quis dubitat quin . . . ? -dubitatis quin...? non erat dubium quin-haud multum abfuit quin—neque Caesarem fefellit quin—neque abest suspicio quin-vix animis temperavere quin-nihil praetermisi quin—neque ambigitur quin—vix abstinui quin—nihil impedit quin-non recuso quin—abesse non potest quin— vix me contineo quin-non possumus recusare quin—non cunctandum existimavit quin-exspectari diutius non oportet quin-quid est causae quin...?—non possumus quin—non dubitat quin-paullum abfuit quin—quis ignorat quin . . . ? -nihil abest quin: See also under 28. Quin (qui-ne) in nemo est quin-quis est quin, is a relative adjective.

ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.

I. CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES.

Denoting the result of an action or quality.

21. These are introduced by ut, negative ut non, ut nemo, ut nullus, ut nusquam, etc. Often in the principal sentence we find some demonstrative, as is, ita, tantus, adeo, usque eo, tam, which prepares for the consecutive sentence; and it is used after comparatives with quam. The negative form often answers to the English 'too to,' instead of,'' so far from' (with adeo non, . . . ut, and tantum abest ut . . . ut . . .).

So far from admiring our own productions, Demosthenes himself does not satisfy us.

Tantum abest ut nostra miremur, ut nobis non satisfaciat ipse Demosthenes.

I was too far off to see.

Tam longe aberam ut non viderem.

Instead of sparing him he killed him.
Adeo non parcebat ut interficeret.

Many old men are too weak to discharge any duty.
Ita multi sunt imbecilli senes ut nullum officii
munus exsequi possint.

Pierced with (so) many wounds that he could now scarce
hold himself upright.

Multis confectus vulneribus ut iam se sustinere non posset.

22. Notice a peculiarity in the consecution of tenses, the perfect subjunctive being used for the imperfect, apparently when emphasis is laid on the fact as being historical and permanently recorded, and thus practically present to us.

They were in such disorder that (we read) the consul stopped some with his own hands.

Adeo turbati erant ut quosdam consul manu ipse reprenderit.

In his journeys he showed himself so active, that (we know) no one ever saw him on horseback.

In itineribus eo usque se praebebat impigrum ut

eum nemo unquam in equo sedentem viderit.

23. Ut often has a conditioning or restrictive force. English without,' 'on condition of.'

Whose genius I praise without fearing it.

Cuius ingenium ita laudo ut non pertimescam.

The state is too sick to be stayed by simple remedies.

Non ita civitas aegra est ut consuetis remediis sisti possit.