either to live or to die, in a studied oration he speaks many things about... the sloth and pride of their tyrants.' 6 (saying 57, 2) that the citizens were no hindrance, and actually (adeo) were favourable to the attempt: that three hundred. were present, whose hands the liberty (licentia) of avenging themselves armed (armo), and that a million sesterces were laid before (them) as a reward of victory.' 7 Here pass into Or. Rect. to preserve the rapid sequence of events (76). Quid negotii cras erit .? 8 Pontifex Maximus: tr. to lead the pope. . . seized before the doors . . . and loaded with chains, under the walls of the citadel (arx); to threaten the death of those, on the spot, unless (51, 4; 57, 2) the place shall have been given up: when given up (85, 3) to climb,... and then the city being in alarm (trepidante inde urbe), to restore . . .' (85; 72) 'But now actually (adeo) whilst he boasts thus, betrayed, the prefect of the city surrounding the house . . the unfortunate liberator is drawn from a chest, lamenting (querens atque (60, 8) indignans, put last) that,' etc. 10 praecipio. 11the space of three hours.'

XXXII

9

1 The conscripts, as the long and brilliant cortège of the Emperor passed through their ranks, gazed with delight on the hero who had filled the world with his renown; and the cheers with which he was saluted were almost as loud and general as in the most brilliant period of his career. 2 But these cheering signs died away when Napoleon had passed, 3 and the first day's march was sufficient to convince every observer that the ancient order and discipline of the army were at an end. During the whole march, the imperial cortège was obliged 5 to force its way, with almost brutal violence, through the dense cloud of infantry, horsemen, and wagons, which encumbered the highway; pillage had already commenced on all sides; and the disorders of the troops not only inflicted on the unhappy inhabitants all the miseries of war, but evinced, even under the eyes of the Emperor, the relaxed discipline and imperfect organisation of his army. Under the very windows of the hotel which he inhabited, a vast crowd of disorderly soldiers was collected, who, with loud shouts and dissonant cries, continued during the whole night to feed a huge fire by

7

6

8

throwing into it the furniture, beds, and property of the wretched inhabitants.--ALISON.

1 'At first the conscripts gazed (hist. inf.) at that Emperor whose fame had spread (percrebresco) through the world, advancing (incedo) through their ranks with a long . . . : (89 a) they received him with cheers so great (tanto clamore) and almost so general (consentiens) as (53) in the,' etc. 'then, when he had passed, these glad signs

(omen) disappeared.'

24

3 (73) 'They had not yet gone forward more than one day's march, and now it was plainly visible,' etc. 4 cohors praetoria, or those who were escorting the general.' 5 infensa (99, 1) quasi vi perrumpere. 6 Use a verb impersonally (59, 3). 7 Omit (89 a) 'and'; turn 'The disorderly soldiers (58) not only, as if war was being made (inferre), damage (affligo) the wretched inhabitants, but under the eyes of the Emperor,' etc. 8 Iidem ipsam ante domum qua deverterat frequentes congregati, totam noctem, etc.

XXXIII

1 One would naturally have expected, after 2 all the fatigues and dangers through which Caesar had made his way to empire, that 3 he would have chosen to spend the remainder of a declining life 4 in the quiet enjoyment of all the honours and pleasures which absolute power and 5 a command of the world could bestow; but in the midst of all this glory he was a stranger still to ease: he saw the people generally disaffected to him and impatient under his government; and, though amused awhile with the splendour of his shows and triumphs, yet regretting severely in cold blood the price that they had paid for them; the loss of their liberty, with the lives of the best and noblest of their fellow-citizens. 8 This expedition, therefore, against the Parthians, seems to have been a political pretext for removing himself from the murmurs of the city, and leaving to his ministers the exercise of an invidious power, and 10 the task of taming the spirits of the populace; whilst he, by employing himself in gathering 11 fresh laurels in the East, and extending the bounds and retrieving the honour of the empire against its most dreaded enemy, might

9

gradually reconcile them to a reign that was 12 gentle and clement at home, successful and glorious abroad.

1

MIDDLETON'S Life of Cicero.

(72) Though one might have expected that Caesar. people being discontented was devoid of quiet.'

exhaustis. fruendo, etc.

yet, the in the midst of such great honours he 2 tot laboribus . . . dum principatum occupat,

3 61, 12. 4 reliquos annos

.

quiete consumere 5 orbis terrarum dominatio (imperium). 6 toto

7

populo imperium suum recusante. (23) ludis . . . ita paulisper gaudente, ut eundem (populum) (97) serius poeniteret libertatem suam . . . tantulo vendidisse (94), or, libertatis iactura et morte illa constitisse. 8 And so, pretending public business, he undertook this expedition' scilicet ut se (58, 8) civium querelis subtraheret. 9 odiosa potestas 10 (58, 8) dum . . . domare conantur illi. 12 120.

11

novae laudes (97).

ORATORY

XXXIV

1 If in any ordinary case, in any ordinary time, you have any reasonable doubt of guilt, you are bound by every principle of law and justice to acquit. But I would advise you, at a time like this, rather to be lavish than parsimonious in the application of that principle—even though you had the strongest suspicion of his culpability, I would advise you to acquit; 2you would show your confidence in your own strength-that you felt your situation too high to be affected in the smallest degree by the fate of so insignificant an individual. Turn to the miserable prisoner himself- tainted and blemished as he may be-even him you may retrieve to his country and his duty by a salutary effort of seasonable magnanimity. 5 You will inspire him with reverence for that institution, which knows when to spare as well as when to inflict, and which, instead of sacrificing him to a strong suspicion of his criminality, is determined, not by the belief but

by the possibility of his innocence, and dismisses him with indignation and contemptuous mercy.-CURRAN.

1 First period (72) down to 'advise you to acquit': make an antithesis by cum and tum (78) between what should be done 'in any ordinary time,' and what 'at a time like this.' Cum in usitatis causis iudices, cum (84, 2) usitatis temporibus . ius fasque efflagitant ut absolvatur reus, tum mea sententia, hoc potissimum tempore clementiae (benevolentiae) vestrae magis profusi quam parci debetis esse. 2 A comparison between the gain (1) to the jury, (2) to the prisoner (78). 3 that you were set in a higher place than to be affected,' etc. (55, 6). • Reum vero (86) . . . vel hunc in civitatem, hunc (84, 2) in fidem recipere potestis, or, receperitis. 5 Facietis enim ut eos (or, ipsum iudicium) veneretur. 6 non modo non condemnant quod putent ... sed hoc uno (15; 35) adducti, non quod ipsis videatur nocens sed quia potest esse innocens

XXXV

5

Let us this day be firmly embodied in a cause we equally approve. Let us do this great service to the country; 1then separate and seek opposing camps. 2 Let them return with double triumph, if they will, of having conferred an important benefit on their constituents and the nation, and a real obligation on the Government. Let them have the credit with the country of having defeated the minister's measure; and the merit with his friends 6 of having rescued him from a perilous dilemma. 7 Leave us only the silent satisfaction that, without envying the reputation of those whom we were content to follow, without being piqued by insinuations against our motives, and without debating whether the minister might not be served by our success, we gave an earnest and zealous assistance in defeating a measure which, under 9 the specious pretence of securing our coasts, strikes at the root of our great national defence, and at the heart of the constitution itself. SHERIDAN.

8

1 diversi contraria castra petamus (93). 2'Let them, since they have conferred. win a double victory (geminatam reportent victoriam).' 3 civibus suis et civitati. 4 senatum beneficio obstrinxerint (77, 1).

5 Illis agantur gratiae a suis quod (35)

.; agantur (84, 2; 88, 3) ab

86

amicis huius, etc. 6 quod in re tam ancipiti salutem attulerint. 7 Nobis, haec nobiscum (domi) reputantibus, sat erit tantum abesse (21) ut famae eorum. . . inviderimus . . .,'ut operam dederimus ; or, sat erit non famae quidem invidisse. . . (78), sed dedisse. operam '(so far) from being offended (stomachor) if (58, 8) any put an evil interpretation (male interpretari) on our actions'; or, 'not to be angry with (aegre ferre) (those) putting,' etc. 9 'the defence of our coasts being pretended.'

XXXVI

1 Thus they suffered, in barren anguish and ineffectual bewailings. 2 What cause, says the defence of Mr. Hastings, was there for any incidental ills but their own resistance? O audacious fallacy! The cause was nature in the first-born principles of man. It grew with his growth! it strengthened with his strength! It taught him to understand; it enabled him to feel: 5 for where there is human fate, can there be a penury of human feeling? Where there is injury, will there not be resentment? Is not despair to be followed by courage ? 6 The God of battles pervades and penetrates the inmost spirit of man, and, rousing him to shake off the burden that is grievous, and the yoke that is galling, will reveal the law written in his heart, and the duties and privileges of his nature-10 the grand universal compact of man with man! That power is delegated in trust, for the good of all who obey it; that the rights of men must arm against man's oppression, for that indifference were treason to human state; and patience nothing less than blasphemy against the laws which govern the world.-SHERIDAN.

1 Audivistis, indices, ea quae passi sunt: nec proderant, etc. 2 At (86) malorum, si quae erant, unica haec causa... O praeclarum argumentum! 3 (63) Insita erat illa causa, insita, inquam (84, 1) nascentibus; (77 c) crescentibus increvit et vires concepit (or, in adultis adolevit). 4 Quid enim? Nonne natura ipsa mentem hominibus et sensum ingenuit ? 5' for where there are changes (vices) of fortune, there (66, 5) emotions are not wont to be wanting; and to the injured grief is present, to the desperate courage' (77 c). 6 Thence roused by a kind of martial