forming what is called oratio obliqua (56, 57). Also after phrases like spes, opinio, testis, auctor est. For the construction of their passives, see above.

I see that I shall be in danger.

Fore me quidem in discrimine video.

We guarantee that the honour of Rome will be safe there. Auctores sumus tutam ibi maiestatem Romani nominis fore.

6. The infinitive is also an alternative construction (see 15) after verba affectuum (verbs of mental emotion). I am glad that you give me this advice.

Gaudeo id te mihi suadere.

I wonder that you write me no news.
Miror te ad me nihil scribere.

He complained that promises were not kept.
Promissa non servari querebatur.

7. Notice that verbs of promising, hoping, swearing, threatening, pretending, take the accusative and infinitive regularly, unlike the English idiom, in which they take a prolate infinitive.

He promised to give whatever they wanted.

Promisit se quicquid vellent daturum esse.
He pretended to be mad.

Simulavit se insanire.

8. Here may be noticed several cases in which an infinitive is found connected with a verb, though scarcely forming a substantival sentence. Such verbs are those of beginning, continuing, ceasing, hesitating, daring, fearing to, wishing, being able, being accustomed, intending, resolving, knowing how, etc.; and the (personal) passives of those verbs which fall under 4. The construction of these is

however hardly subject to any general rule, and considerable difficulty is experienced in their employment.

Cease to teach me that.
Desine me id docere.

I had resolved to write you a letter.
Statueram tibi aliquid scribere.

NOTE.-Verbs of purposing and resolving sometimes take ut with the subjunctive, and generally so where the subject of the dependent verb is not the same as that of the principal.

9. Where in English we have a verb which takes a direct personal object with an infinitive or verb noun following, as in a phrase like 'I wish him to go away,' the construction in Latin varies between the infinitive and the ut construction.

The infinitive is regularly found after doceo, iubeo, veto, sino, arguo, insimulo (accuse), cupio, patior, volo (and its compounds); sometimes after hortor, cogo, oro, prohibeo, impedio, permitto; after others less commonly.

Our ancestors wished the frames of our youths to be strengthened by toil.

Maiores corpora iuvenum firmari labore voluerunt.

NOTE.-Volo takes also the ut construction sometimes if the subject of the dependent verb is not the same as that of the principal. In colloquial and epistolary style we find velim, vellem, nolim, nollem, etc., followed by a subjunctive without ut.

I could have wished it had been true.
Vellem verum fuisset.

I should have preferred you to fear Cerberus.
Mallem Cerberum metueres.

II. INTERROGATIO OBLIQUA.

10. There is little difficulty connected with this class of sentence. The only thing necessary is to distinguish indirect questions from adjectival clauses which they sometimes resemble through the omission or incorporation into the relative clause of the antecedent, as in the two sentences: 'He gave him what books he had,' and 'He asked him what books he had.' Indirect questions have of course the subjunctive always.

Notice that indirect questions are often found with verbs and phrases which only by implication involve a question.

I fear for our side, what he will answer.

Nostrae timeo parti quid hic responsurus sit.

I don't care a straw how the senate rate me.

A senatu quanti fiam, minime me poenitet.

You cannot think how little interest I take in your affairs.

Incredibile est quam ego ista non curem.

11. Where in English we have such phrases as 'the reason why,' 'the cause why,' etc., the substantive will not ordinarily be represented in Latin :

The reason why I have done this is not unknown to you,
Vobis satis cognitum est cur hoc fecerim,

but the phrases quid est causae cur, or quid est causae quin, are common; as, quid est causae quin coloniam in Ianiculum possint deducere.

12. In translating the English 'if' and 'whether,' introducing simple dependent questions, it should be remembered that si and utrum are impossible. Num, numquid, etc., which, when dependent, imply no special answer, and -ne must be employed instead.

I should like to know whether one ought to be at Rome.
Scire velim numquid necesse sit esse Romae.

An (whether not') in single dependent sentences is to be used only with special phrases, such as haud scio, nescio, dubito, dubium est, incertum est, and denotes a suspicion that a suggestion is true.

Perhaps I should call Aristotle the king of philosophers.
Aristotelem haud scio an dixerim principem philo-
sophorum.

You have had the fortune which perhaps no one else has.
Contigit tibi quod haud scio an nemini.

If no verb is expressed in the second part an non or necne ('or not') should be written.

14. Dubitative questions originally in the subjunctive retain their dubitative sense when dependent.

It was not quite settled what they were to do.
Non satis constabat quid agerent.

I don't know what to do about the boys.
De pueris quid agam non habeo.

III. CLAUSES ORIGINALLY ADVERBIAL.

15. With many verbs and expressions various adverbial clauses take the place of subject or object, either to the exclusion of other constructions or as an alternative to the infinitive sentence.

Where it is necessary to emphasise the fact, a clause introduced by quod,' the fact that,' the fact of,' ordinarily with the indicative, is used. The clause was perhaps originally adverbial causal, and so is found constantly with phrases indicating mental emotion (not those sentiendi et declarandi), to express the fact which is the cause of the emotion (35), but many of the same verbs may also be used with the infinitive (6).

Some think the fact that I am alive to be an offence.

Sunt qui criminis loco putent esse quod vivam.

I pass over the fact that he selected that home for himself.
Praetereo quod illam sibi domum delegit.

The fact of being a foreigner was a great hindrance to Eumenes.
Eumeni multum detraxit quod alienae civitatis erat.

Your having seen him nowhere was a great misfortune.
Accidit perincommode quod eum nunquam vidisti.

The clause is very often in apposition for emphasis' sake or convenience.

There was this further circumstance, that his father was dead.
Id quoque accesserat, quod eius pater mortuus erat.

And even to an oblique case as—

We have this special advantage over the beasts, that we speak.
Hoc praestamus maxime feris quod loquimur.

Notice the rhetorical formula: Quid? quod . . .= How about the fact that . .