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1. Quum. passus est. See Z. 581.-Domum spectans. This is said to gain Cæsar's favor, who regarded those that remained at home, as friends. In his view neutrality was innocent; in Pompey's criminal.

3. P. Atius Varus. This zealous partisan of Pompey, soon after the outbreak of the civil war, had as a private citizen (vir prætorius), like many others of Pompey's party, fled before Cæsar into Africa. On the submission of Africa to Cæsar, he fled to Spain, where the sons of Pompey had collected a formidable army against Cæsar. Here he lost his life in the battle of Munda, 709, in which the Pompeians in Spain were completely conquered. See Cæs. B. C. A few 1, 13 and 31; 2, 23, seqq.-Prætor Africam obtinuerat. years before, after his prætorship, he had been governor of Atrica. Prætor was a common name of all governors of provinces.-Uticam. After the destruction of Carthage this was the chief city of the province. It was situated on the sea, 27 miles from Carthage, and celebrated for the death there of Cato Uticensis.

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partium

4. Non mediocri cupiditate. Z. 472. Cupiditate studio, quod Pompeio favebant. Pro eo mox est studium. 5. Si illud imperium esse potuit. Imperium enim magistratus lege Curiata, privati senatus consulto accipiebant.

6. Ad privatum clamore. The Erfurt MS., with several others, reads a privato clamore, and this reading Klotz, Schultz, and Soldan adopt. Benecke, without adopting it, inclines to regard it as the true reading. He remarks also on the not unfrequent use with passives, of the preposition ab in connection with nouns which denote things, where either the source is indicated or the thing personified. 7. Qui.... cuperet. P. C. 481; Z. 564.

9. Conquievit, i. e. nihil agens restitit, nihil publice suscipiens remansit. Since Varus had seized the government, Ligarius withdrew from public business, but was soon afterwards compelled to take an active part in the war. Others understand it of the repose which Ligarius enjoyed from the cares of the administration, which had been the more burdensome, because of the disturbances of the more violent partisans of Pompey.

CH. II.-10. Adhuc, &c. Compare Quinctil. 4, 2, 51: Si...in longum exierit ordo rerum, erit non inutilis in extrema parte commonitio, quod Cicero etiam in brevi narratione facit: Adhuc Casar; and 108: argumentabimur (in narratione) nunquam; argumentum ponemus aliquando, quod facit pro Ligario Cicero, quum dicit, sic eum provinciæ præfuisse, ut illi pacem esse expediret.

11. Domo, i. e. patria, sc. Roma. Cf. Corn. Nep. Epam. 7, 2; 8, 1. 12. Suspicionem belli. Compare Quinctil. 4, 2, 51, and 110. 13. Pacatissima. Not with reference to other provinces, but to express the deep quiet and repose of this province,

14. Expediret.

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P. C. 62; Z. 531. The subject of expediret is 76

pacem esse, i. q. pacis continuatio. Z. 597 and 600.

16. Non turpem. There was no dishonorable or sinister purpose in his going, and his remaining was a necessity even honorable, for it was by command of Considius, and in accordance with the wishes of the inhabitants of the province.

17. Etiam gives prominence to the notion of honestam, and is by the best MSS. more correctly placed just before it.

18. Efflagitatus. Importuned, prevailed upon by urgent entreaty. The preposition adds intensity, and carries the idea of successful urging.

20. Quo. Benecke, Madvig, Klotz, and Soldan read quod from the best authorities. The accusative of duration of time is found with manere and similar verbs.

21. Necessitatis crimen, a necessitate profectum. Because, surprised by the outbreaking of the war, and surrounded by excited partisans, he was compelled against his will to remain.-An ille. P. C. 120; Z. 353.

22. Si potuisset.... maluisset. P. C. 437 (d); Z. 524.Utica quam Roma. Potius is commonly read after Utica, and it is not an uncommon pleonasm with malle, but is not here found in the best MSS. Cf. Z. 747.

23. Cum ... cum. For the repetition of the preposition, see note on p. 18, line 5.

24. Quum ....

fuisset. P. C. 489; Z. 577, 578.

26. Hic æquo animo. Potuitne hic æquo animo esse in bello sine fratribus, qui in pacatissima legatione sua fratrum desiderio conficiebatur?

29. Defendam. P. C. 109; Z. 552.

30. Prodo meam. This is the reading of almost all the MSS., and received by Benecke, Madvig, Klotz, Soldan, and others. It needs but to be stated, to be adopted. "Soe, I pray, with what integrity I defend his cause; I betray or sacrifice my own.”—Omnium laude. Omnium is defended by Benecke, Klotz, and Soldan against the common reading omni, and they and Madvig also retain the quum of the MSS. before M. Cicero.

32. Defendit, followed by the acc. c. infin. is equivalent to in defendendo dicit, or defensionis loco dicit, contendit.-In ea voluntate. Cicero speaks with circumspection, using voluntate and not factione. Ligarius had, to be sure, stood on Pompey's side, but by compulsion, not of free choice.

34. Quid tibi de alio audienti de se ipso occurrat. For it may occur to you, while I am speaking in defence of Ligarius, that I too was one of those who opposed your cause.

35, Occurrat, P. C. 109; Z. 552.

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CH. III.—36. Reformidem, repeated with emphasis, in reference to extimescit, which is used of a suddenly rising fear, and reformidat which expresses an anxious, lasting fear. P. C. 109; Z. 552.

37. Oboriatur. The compound expresses the suddenness of its rising. "See how, as I speak before you, the light of your noble generosity and wisdom bursts upon me, how the recollection of your nobleness and wisdom is vividly renewed in me."

38. Voce contendam. "I will raise my voice, I will exert myself to the utmost to make the Roman people hear this."

39. Exaudiat. P. C. 58; Z. 531. See note on p. 43, line 11. This oration was spoken before a public tribunal in the forum.-Suscepto bello, &c. Compare Quinctil. on this passage, 9, 2, 28; and 11, 3, 166.-Gesto... ex parte magna. Pompey having been driven from Italy, for in Italy Cicero took no part against Cæsar. See ad Fum. 6, 6, 6. Cicero embarked for Greece the 11th June, 705 (ad Fam. 14, 7, 2), to join Pompey, who had already embarked the 17th March, notwithstanding Cæsar and his friends sought to retain him, and even Cato disapproved the step, and he himself augured no good from the cause of Pompey. See ad Att. 10, 8.

40. Judicio ac voluntate. From reflection and choice. Z. 472, in fin. Cf. de Off. 1, 15, beneficia.... quæ judicio, considerate constanterque delata sunt; and 1, 9, voluntate fieri.

41. Apud quem igitur hoc dico? See Quinctil. 9, 2, 14.

42. Nempe expresses the speaker's conviction of a thing, with the expectation that the hearer will assent. It therefore often stands in questions which one answers himself, as § 9. It is also used to express displeasure, or with an ironical reference.-Quum hoc sciret. P. C. 489; Z. 577.

43. Antequam vidit, post Pharsalicam pugnam.

44. Ex Ægypto. Cæsar had gone to Egypt after his victory near Pharsalia, and became involved there in the Alexandrine war. Cicero meanwhile took no further part in the war, and had returned to Italy, where he endeavored through Cæsar's friends to obtain his pardon. He finally received from Cæsar the wished-for letter, probably through Philotimus. See ad Att. 11, 23; ad Fam. 14, 23; 24.— Ut essem idem, qui fuissem, i. e. ut dignitatem eam retinerem, quam ante bellum civile habuissem. P. C. 58 ; Z. 531 with 615: also P. C 467, and Z. 547.

77 1. In toto imperio. With totus and similar notions of totality, the preposition is very generally omitted, though sometimes added, especially if the notion of within is to be made prominent. See Z. 482, Arnold's Nepos. Me, at the beginning of this line, is commonly given between esse alterum.

2. A quo.. .... concessos. . . . tenui. By whose permission, &c -Hoc ipso. The very Fansa who is here present. Z. 127.

3. Concessos fasces laureatos. Klotz: conc. laureatos fasces. After an important victory the general was commonly honored by his soldiers with the title of Imperator, and the lictors wreathed their fasces with laurel. Ad Fam. 2, 10; ad Att. 5, 20. So too, the letter in which the general announced his victory to the senate was twined with the same. In Pison. 17, 39; Liv. 5, 28, 13; 45, 1, 6. According to Appian, at least 10,000 of the enemy must have fallen in the battle gained to entitle to this honor. It was in the year 703, while Cicero was proconsul of Cilicia, that he gained this victory and received this honor. Ad Att. 5, 20; ad Fam. 2, 10; 15, 4. In the following year he left the province, and tarried some time at Athens. Having reached Brundisium near the end of November, in the beginning of January, 705, he moved on to Rome, without however entering it, since the outbreak of the civil war swept him with it, and deferred his hope of a triumph. He did not, however, abandon the hope of being allowed a triumph, and consequently did not enter Rome again till October, 707, and till his entry, when the laws would require him to lay down the imperium, he appears to have retained the insignia of command. See ad Fam. 14, 20; ad Att. 11, 24.

5. Reddere is the reading of the best MSS. instead of the common dare, which however Madvig retains. As what was lost and again restored, is spoken of, it seems also best adapted to the context. That dedisset should follow is not surprising, since it was not necessary to express a second time the more exact idea of reddere.

6. Vide, quæso, &c. This passage is variously given in the MSS. Benecke and Madvig read as in the text, except de Ligarii non audeam confiteri. After non dubitem many MSS. and Edd give dicere. Some retain it in brackets. Klotz and Soldan read and defend non dubitem dicere, de Ligarii audeam confiteri. With regard to omitting the non before audeam, which the common reading gives, Benecke thinks there might be some doubt, since the irony which suits the passage, and so well corresponds to the ironical commencement of the speech, would be by the omission lost. Süpfle on the other hand regards the expression as gaining in force and irony, by the omission of non. The sense of the text is thus given by Orelli: Quum tam libere ac sine ullo metu de meo facto coram Cæsare loquar, facile intelliges me de Ligarii facto, re minoris momenti, æque libere dicere ausurum esse.

Would the

7. Dubitem. P C 484; Z. 564.—De Ligarii. insertion of eo in accordance with the English idiom be allowable in Latin? Z. 767.-Audeam. Vide.... ut.... audeam. P. C. 109; Z. 552.

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8. Quum de se, &c. The reflexive shows that this sentence is referred to the mind of Tubero. Ernesti, not inaptly, resolves it by quum de se eadem me dicentem audiret,

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77 9. Dicerem. P. C. 467; Z. 547.

10. Propter propinquam cognationem. See note on p. 75, line 2. Observe the change of construction, by which the two following clauses, as substantives, here take the relation of accusatives governed by propter. This change is not uncommon, though it offends against concinuity of expression. It is a sacrifice of one of the proprieties of language, to a higher law, sometimes of necessity, since not every root has the same fulness of development into the various parts of speech, with the same form of construction.

13. Quis putat. So Benecke, Klotz, Soldan, and Madvig. The independent question is better suited to the context than the dependent putet, which the common reading gives. Also with the Cod. Erf. and others, Ligarium, which commonly stands after in Africa, and which Klotz retains, is omitted by Benecke and others. On this passage compare Quinctil 5, 13, 30.

14. Prohibitum se a Ligario. Rather by Atius Varus. Cæs. B. C. 1, 3.

16. Est congressus armatus. This neither Cicero nor Ligarius had done, for the latter had remained in Africa only from compulsion, while Tubero had taken an active part in bearing arms. -Quid enim, Tubero, &c. See remarks of Quinctil. 9, 2, 38, on this powerful and strong apostrophe; and cf. Plut. Cic. 39.-Tuus ille destrictus. This order, which throws the force on destrictus, is given by the MSS. and best suits the passage.

17. Agebat = spectabat, propositum habebat, as in the phrase, id agere ut.

18. Qui sensus erat armorum tuorum? Armis sensum tribuit amplificandi gratia, poetico more.

20. Commoveri videtur adolescens. P. C. 297; Z. 380 and 607.

21. Ad me revertar. Z. 209, in fin.

CH. IV.—22. Quid.......... aliud egimus.... nisi ut. See Z. 614 and 748, and 735. Fortissime defendentis est, judice Quinctil. 5, 13, 5.

23. Hic. Cæsar.-Possemus. P. C. 58; Z. 531.—Quorum . . corum. This is a common inversion. The emphasis lies wholly on impunitas.

24. Laus est. Laudi est is more common. The dative expresses the tendency or aim, the nominative denotes more the realization. Cf. Z. 422, Note.

25. Acuet. Klotz and Soldan, acuit. 26. Etiam tuam, sed multo magis. Etiam is thus used in the first member, and sed or quidem or certe in the second, to show that two things occur; but the latter often and certainly.

27. Quum...tum etiam. Z. 723.-Doctrina excellens. See