A

словар by facing

west

cum id perpetuumque sacerdotium fuit, deductus in
arcem, in lapide ad meridiem versus consedit. Augur 7
ad laevam eius capite velato sedem cepit, dextra manu
baculum sine nodo aduncum tenens, quem lituum appel-
larunt. Inde ubi prospectu in urbem agrumque capto
deos precatus regiones ab oriente ad occasum determi-
navit, dextras ad meridiem partes, laevas ad septem-
trionem esse dixit, signum contra,, quoad longissime 8
conspectum oculi ferebant, animo finivit; tum, lituo in
laevam manum translato, dextra in caput Numae impo-
sita, precatus ita est: 'Iuppiter pater, si est fas hunc 9
Numam Pompilium, cuius ego caput teneo, regem Romae
esse, uti tu signa nobis certa adclarassis inter eos fines
quos feci.'
Tum peregit verbis auspicia quae mitti
vellet; quibus missis declaratus rex Numa de templo
descendit.

inde, etc.: Livy thinks of the public
institution of augury as only then
established, and the earlier practice
of it as a private proceeding, which,
of course, could hardly have been
true. honoris ergo: i.e. to give
dignity to the function.

per

petuum, permanent; opposed to
the occasional exercise of the func-
tions. arcem: apparently the
Capitoline Hill.

7. ad laevam: at his left, and
probably so as to look towards the
south.—in urbem agrumque: if
the augur faced south, as is likely,
though not entirely clear from Livy's
account, the city lay before him,
a little to the left, and his view ex-
tended over it and the adjoining
country (ager Romanus) beyond the
hills. —determinavit: i.e. drawing
a line through the heavens from
east to west, he arbitrarily deter-
mined what sights should be dextra
and what laeva.

8. signum, etc.: i.e. he had a field of view between himself and the horizon, divided by a circle passing through the zenith. Whatever flight of birds or other phenomenon appeared within this field was significant, and to be interpreted according to the side in which it appeared. Livy doesn't mention the meridian line distinctly, but he does not necessarily exclude it.

certa :

9. Romae: locative.
i.e. about which there may be no
doubt.-adclarassis: an old form
and a technical word. The con-
struction is an old one of wishing
(Gr. 267 b). For the tense see
Gr. 267 a. peregit, etc.: i.e. he
stated what phenomena, according
to the established ritual, would be a
sign of approval. - templo: Livy
probably has in his mind a perma-
nent auguraculum or auguratorium
built later on the Capitoline; but
the word equally applies to any spot

Qui regno ita potitus urbem novam, conditam vi et armis, iure eam legibusque ac moribus de integro con2 dere parat. Quibus cum inter bella adsuescere videret non posse, quippe efferar militia animos, mitigandum ferocem populum armorum desuetudine ratus, Ianum ad infimum Argiletum indicem pacis bellique fecit, apertus ut in armis esse civitatem, clausus pacatos circa omnes 3 populos significaret. Bis deinde post Numae regnum Once clausus fuit, semel T. Manlio consule post Punicum primum perfectum bellum, iterum, quod nostrae aetati dii dederunt ut videremus, post bellum Actiacum ab imperatore Caesare Augusto pace terra marique parta.

4

Clauso eo cum omnium circa finitimorum societate ac foederibus iunxisset animos, positis externorum periculorum curis ne luxuriarent otio animi, quos metus hostium disciplinaque militaris continuerat, omnium primum rem ad multitudinem imperitam et illis saeculis rudem efficacissimam, deorum metum iniciendum ratus is 5 est. Qui cum descendere ad animos sine aliquo commento miraculi non posset, simulat sibi cum dea

Egeria congressus nocturnos esse, eius se monitu, quae acceptissima diis essent, sacra, instituere, sacerdotes plage ind

suos cuique deorum praeficere.

Atque omnium primum ad cursus lunae in duodecim 6 menses discribit annum, quem, quia tricenos dies singulis mensibus luna non explet desuntque dies solido anno, qui solstitiali circumagitur orbe, intercalariis mensibus

interponendis ita dispensavit ut vicesimo anno ad metanle

eandem solis, unde prsi essent, plenis omnium annorum spatiis dies gruerent. Idem nefastos dies fastosque 7 fecit, quia aliquando nihil cum populo agi utile futurum

erat.

Lize Tum sacerdotibus creandis animum adiecit, quam-20

disbelief in the legends is expressly put forward or accidentally shows through; cf. 18. 2 n. · Egeria: a nymph, one of the Camena.

6. omnium primum: the importance of this as a religious matter comes from the fact that the festivals depended on it. ad cursus lunae: i.e. the months were regulated by the moon, but the solar year is arranged by some other means. - tricenos: the mean lunar period is eleven hours fifty-six minutes short of thirty days, and a year of twelve such months lacks about eleven days of the solar year. Even thirty days to a month does not give quite a full year.- solstitiali, etc.: i.e. the year as it brings the sun back to the solstice.—intercalariis mensibus: the Romans inserted months instead of days to regulate the calendar. vicesimo: Livy probably has in his mind the cycle of Meton of nineteen years, in which the sun came back to the same sign of the zodiac from which it started at the beginning. The whole story is no doubt one manufactured in later times. — metam, etc.: i.e. the

solstice would come at the same
date. plenis spatiis: i.e. the time
of the nineteen (or twenty) solar
years would be exactly filled out by
the months.

7. nefastos: i.e. properly days
when it is nefas to hold courts. Livy
here refers to days when it was not
permitted to hold meetings. These
were really different from the un-
lawful court days, but perhaps not
made so until later than this time.
-utile, convenient, i.e. for the king
and the nobles. The Roman relig-
ion was in later times a very conve-
nient political weapon.

RELIGIOUS FUNCTIONARIES.

20. sacerdotibus: there were two classes of religious functionaries at Rome, special priests of particular divinities (flamines) and general supervisors of religious matters (pontifices). There was also a rex sacrificulus established after the overthrow of the kings. All religious observances of great antiquity were ascribed to Numa, but some of them evidently

quam ipse plurima sacra obibat, ea maxime quae nunc 2 ad Dialem flaminem pertinent. Sed quia in civitate bellicosa plures Romuli quam Numae similes reges putabat fore iturosque ipsos ad bella, ne sacra regiae vicis desererentur, flaminem Iovi adsiduum sacerdotem creavit insignique eum veste et curuli regia sella adornavit. Huic duos flamines adiecit, Marti unum, alterum 3 Quirino; virginesque Vestae legit, Alba oriundum sacerdotium et genti conditoris haud alienum. Iis, ut adsiduae templi antistites essent, stipendium de publico statuit, virginitate aliisque caerimoniis venerabiles ac sanctas fecit.

4 Salios item duodecim Marti Gradivo legit tunicaeque pictae insigne dedit et super tunicam aeneum pectori tegumen caelestiaque arma, quae ancilia appellantur,

belonged to the earliest customs of
the Latin race.ipse: no doubt,
as in all kingdoms of patriarchal
origin, the king, as head of the
clan, could perform sacrifices. Cf.
the rex sacrificulus. —ea maxime,
etc. these are assigned to the king
as being the most venerable rites in
the state.
the official title of the special priest
of Jupiter. He was the most ven-
erable and privileged of all the func-
tionaries except the rex sacrificulus,
who was substituted for the king
himself, and formally represented
him. The name flamen doubtless
refers to building fires on the altar
(cf. conflare aes).

Dialem flaminem:

2. regiae vicis, belonging to the office of the king. — adsiduum, in constant attendance; so much so that he could not leave the city to be gone over night. - veste he wore the toga praetexta, and a peculiar felt cap with a little cone (apex) and a fillet of wool on the top. His life was also surrounded

by a great number of religious restrictions. See Gell. X. 15.

3. virgines: these nuns, originally probably the custodians of fire in a community where it could not easily be obtained, became later an important body in the Roman religion. Their convent has lately been excavated at Rome. - Alba: though Numa is called the founder of the institution, yet, as Romulus was said to be a son of one of the virgins, it was necessary to account for this seeming discrepancy. They no doubt go back to the age of savagery. — virginitate, chastity. caerimoniis, observances. - - venerabiles, reverend.sanctas, inviolable, as under the protection of religion.

4. Gradivo: the gods were worshipped in various phases and at various places in such a way that one deity was often multiplied into several, like the later saints. ancilia: shields of peculiar shape, one of which was supposed to have

ferre ac per urbem ire canentes carmina cum tripudijs sollemnique saltatu iussit.

Pontificem deinde Numam Marcium, Marci filium, ex 5 patribus legit eique sacra omnia exscripta exsignataque attribuit, quibus hostiis, quibus diebus, ad quae templa sacra fierent atque unde in eos sumptus pecunia erogaretur. Cetera quoque omnia publica privataque sacra 6 pontificis scitis subiecit, ut esset quo consultum plebes veniret, ne quid divini iuris neglegendo patrios ritus peregrinosque adsciscendo turbaretur, nec caelestes 7 modo caerimonias, sed iusta quoque funebria placandosque manes ut idem pontifex edoceret, quaeque prodigia fulminibus aliove quo visu missa susciperentur atque curarentur. Ad ea elicienda ex mentibus divinis Iovi Elicio aram in Aventino dicavit deumque consuluit auguriis, quae suscipienda essent.

fallen from heaven.-carmina, etc. :
this usage was retained 'long after
the words of the songs had become
unintelligible.-tripudiis, etc.: ap-
parently a kind of Indian war-dance,
in which the priests dramatically rep-
resented the divinity (cf. Gradivus).
- iussit: the starting of such a
ceremony all of a sudden by order
of the king seems as absurd as
would be the establishment of All
Hallow E'en by act of Congress.

5. sacra, etc.: there seem to have
been several sets of records in re-
gard to religious matters, gradually
accumulated like modern law decis-
ions in the hands of the pontifices;
cf. 31. 8, 32. 2, and XL. 29. 7. - ex-
scripta exsignataque: apparently
copied (informally) and duly authen-
ticated (in a formal manner).. at-
tribuit, assigned; i.e. put into his
hands to be interpreted and made
known on occasion. quibus
diebus: it was this knowledge