All these recent excavations combined to prove the substantial truth of the first book of Livy, and the corresponding chapters of Dionysius, confirmed also incidentally by Varro, and Vitruvius, and Plutarch, and indeed by nearly all the writers of the early Empire. It must be remembered that in the time when Niebuhr and Bunsen wrote, these walls were not visible, still less when the earlier historians wrote; they had been used as foundations for the great palaces of the Cæsars and for other buildings, both before and after that period, in many succeeding generations. There could not be better foundations to build upon than these walls of the Kings, in which each stone is a ton weight. They have only been brought to light within the last few years, some important parts only in 1871 and 1872. Portions of the wall of Roma Quadrata can now be seen on three sides of it, and the great foss can be distinctly traced on investigation, though not seen at first sight, because walls of the time of Domitian have been built across it to make a level surface, on which stand the remains of a temple towards the west end, and of the great Basilica Jovis towards the east end. The cliffs on both sides of the foss are supported by walls of different periods. The construction of each period is soon ascertained by historical dated examples, and experience has taught the Archeologists that the construction of the same period was always the same, where the same building-materials are found. Construction thus becomes stronger evidence than books, because books are always liable to errors of transcribers, or the misunderstanding of a passage from the same word being used in different senses. It is no reproach to those who have gone before to say that the recent excavations and explorations have shewn them to be wrong in many points: if they could have seen what we now see, they would have arrived at the same conclusions that we do. Archæology differs from history in this respect, that it has to do only with existing remains explained by history, while that has to do with the things that have been, without regard to whether there are any visible remains or not. Antiquities are generally understood to mean objects of ancient art, one important part of archæological evidence, but a part only; the exact knowledge of the locality and the ancient earthworks are also important branches of archæological evidence. ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD, PAGE A Chronological Table of Buildings in Rome and Contemporary Events VII. The Quirinal, Viminal, and Esquiline added, A.U.C. 153, and the Enceinte completed by Servius Tullius VIII. The Gates of Servius Tullius Appendices-Porta Flumentana, Porta Carmentalis-Fortification- Port of Rome the Lupercal of Augustus—the Cave of Picus and Faunus, and of Cacus (?)—the Mamertine Prison-Boys CHAPTER II. THE WALLS AND GATES OF ROME. Opus Lateritium-Brick-Stamps-Polygonal Masonry Appendices-Opus Quadratum - The Capitolium, containing the A.U.C. B.C. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. *Remains Existing. **Photographs. The References are to Liry, unless otherwise expressed. I. TIME OF THE KINGS, B.C. 753 TO B.C. 509. BUILDINGS IN ROME. To enclose the Palatine and the Hill of Saturn in ONE CITY (i. 38; Dionys., ii. 50). (The wall in the Forum of Augustus, that ** under the Palatine, and the **Pulchrum Littus, on the bank of the Tiber, were parts of this wall.) The Hill of Saturn made the Capitol of the United City, and the Capitolium built to contain the Erarium, Tabularium, Senaculum, and Municipium (T. Varro, v. 7; Livii Hist., i. 33, iii. 15, v. 39, vi. 4, vi. 20, vii. 15, viii. 5, x. 23, xxx. 39). Partially rebuilt after a fire by Sylla (Taciti Hist., iii. 72), and again by Domitian (Suetonius, c. 13). II CONTEMPORARY EVENTS. CITY OF EVANDER (Dionys., i. 31,32). Tusculum, Lavinium, Alba Longa, &c. A.U.C. B.C. 753 ROMULUS. Foundation of Rome on the Palatine Hill (i. 6). THE LUPERCAL (Dionys., i. 32). Isaiah the Prophet. Siege of Tyre. A grove made between the Citadel and the Capitole (Strabo, v. 3. } 3). Races instituted in honour of Neptune (Strabo, v. 3, 2). Games to Neptune, by Romulus (i. 9). 4 749 Rape of the Sabine women (i. 9). War with the Sabines (i. 10). The Pomarium (i. 44; T. Varro de Ling. Lat., v. 32; and de Re Rustica, c. ii.; Aulus Gellius, xiii. 14). Consualia (Dionys., ii. 31). 5 748 Tarpeia bribed, the Citadel of the Palatine fortress betrayed (i. 11). The Spolia Opima carried to Temple of Jupiter Feretrius (i. 12). 747 The welding of iron instruments introduced into Greece by Glaucus' Peace and League with the Sabines. 7 745 Antemnæ, Cænina and Crustumeria taken, the inhabitants incorporated with the Romans (i. 10, i. 11; Dionys., ii. 54, 55). PHOTOGRAPHS B **The Quirinal, Viminal, and Esquiline, added to the City (i. 44). Temple of Diana on the Aventine (i. 45). 220 533 **Cloaca Maxima, from the Forum Romanum and the "Aqua cernens quatuor scaros sub æde" (i. 56, v. 55; Dionys., iti. 68). 12 **Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus on the Tarpeian rock, founded by Tatius, restored by Tarquinius (i. 55); dedicated in A.U.c. 246 (ii. 8). 13 229 524 **Temple of Spes (xxi. 62) in the Forum Olitorium, founded;-rebuilt A.U.c. 261 and 212. **(Foundation and other remains in the Church of S. Nicholas in Carcere). 14 A.U.C. B.C. Contemporary Events. 113 641 ANCUS MARTIUS. Sardanapalus. 129 625 The Aventine added to the City (Strab., v. 3, 7). The Latins settled on it. Ostia founded by Ancus Martius, 138 616 TARQUINIUS PRISCUS. Great Public Works undertaken 606 Daniel the Prophet. Capture of Nineveh. 604 Babylonian Captivity. 594 The Code of Solon. 587 Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar. 169 584 Tumuli, or Tombs of the Horatii and Curiatii (i. 26); earthen mounds on the Via Appia. 170 584 Triumph of Tarquin over the Etruscans and the Sabines. The Viminal and Esquiline Hills added to the City (Dionys., iv. 13; Strabo, v. 3, 7). 177 578 SERVIUS TULLIUS. The City divided into four Regions, United Sanctuary of Diana on the 182 572 Triumph of Servius over the Veientes. 186 568 Triumph of Servius over other Etruscan cities. Roman Money first coined. 187 566 The first Census of the Roman people, reckoned-84,700. 559 Commencement of the Persian Empire under Cyrus. Edict of Cyrus for Restoration of the Jews, B.c. 536. 552 Temples of Diana at Ephesus and Jupiter at Olympus, built. 539 Marseilles founded by Phocæans. 219 534 Tragical Death of Servius Tullius, 520 The Sibylline Oracles removed from The Gauls or Celts occupy the north of Italy and the Adriatic. 243 510 Siege of Ardea (i. 57). Alliance with the Latins. Violation of Lucretia by S. Tarquin. Expulsion of the Tarquins. Foundation of the Republic. The Capitol taken by A. Herdonius. 295 458 Cincinnatus appointed Dictator. Census-number of citizens 117,319. Ezra collects the Jewish Scriptures. 297 456 Aventine assigned to the Plebeians. 300 451 Laws of the Twelve Tables (iii. 31). 301 452 Institution of the Decemvirs. 304 449 Second secession of the Plebeians to the Mons Sacer. 443 Herodotus, Greek historian. 313 442 A Colony founded at Ardea. 315 438 The Parthenon built at Athens. 319 434 War with the Etruscans. 321 432 Fidenæ taken and destroyed (iv. 22). 431-404 Peloponnesian War. 423 Thucydides, Greek historian. 344 409 The Erectheium at Athens. 347 406 Second war with Veii. The Roman soldiers first paid wages. 401 Xenophon, Greek historian. PHOTOGRAPHS I Nos. 585, 586, 587. 6 Nos. 911, 912. |