street, being the direct way to the Porta Collina, through which the road passes, before it branched off to the Porta Salaria. The distance along this line of road is I mille 800 passus."

V. THE PORTA NOMENTANA is on the Via Nomentana, leading to the Porta Collina, in the same manner as the Porta Salaria was on the Via Salaria, leading to the same inner gate. The old gateway remains, though in rather a ruined state 5. The road was turned a little to the north in the sixteenth century, when the Porta Pia was built on the new part of the road.

"The road to this gate follows the line of the preceding to the Porta Collina, when it turns off to this gate, making I mille 770 passus."

VI. THE PORTA Chiusa, or the closed gate, is so called because antiquaries cannot agree about the ancient name of it. The exterior of this gate is distinctly of the time of Honorius, but this is an external facing only; in the interior the gate-posts are built of the large oblong split stones of the style of the Kings, and it has on one side the remains of a cornice of the time of the Republic. This ancient gateway was evidently standing then, and in use at the time that the wall of the Prætorian Camp was built up against the north side of it, but Honorius fortified it afresh as we see it. The outside and the inside of the wall do not at all agree with each other, the outside being evidently built up against the inner part.

"There seem to be traces of an early road which passes up the valley between the Quirinal and Viminal Hill, and in front of the remains of the Lavacrum of Agrippina (possibly the Vicus Longus). The Via del Grillo and the modern Via di Magnanapoli probably connect this line of street with the Via Bonella and the Forum. To the south of the Thermæ of Diocletian the street is named Via Strozzi. It passed no doubt through the Porta Viminalis to the closed gate south of the Prætorian Camp. The total length giving I mille 850 passus."

VII. THE PORTA TIBURTINA, that is, the gate on the road to Tibur or Tivoli, through the outer wall, has an earlier gate of the time of Augustus preserved in the middle of it, as is proved by the inscription upon it relating to the aqueducts, which are carried over it. The older archway is buried up to the springing of the arch, or probably about ten feet, by the filling up of the foss-way in which it was made. On each side of it, that is, outside and inside of it, is a gateway-arch of Honoriush standing at its original elevation, the level of the road not having been altered since his time. But in

One of the towers of this gate was destroyed in 1867 by the builders of the new wall of the architect Poletti, under the name of Pius IX., in connection with the new gate of Porta Pia.

Since this was written, the inner

arch of Honorius has been destroyed by the Pontifical Government, in 1870; but one jamb of it, being built into a modern house, is preserved, and this shews the level.

the time of Pliny the old foss-way followed the lower level, and the old gate or arch of Augustus alone, was standing across it.

"There seems to be a road passing due eastward from the Forum, and winding towards the Porta Esquilina. It obtains several names in the course of its route. After passing the gate it probably turned southward towards the church of S. Bibiana. Its exact course seems at this point somewhat doubtful. Possibly it passed to the Porta Tiburtina along the line of the aqueduct, some remains of which exist on the left of the Via S. Bibiana. Its length may be reckoned about I mille 630 passus."

VIII. THE PORTA MAGGIORE, which includes the two gates-the Porta Prænestina and Labicana, has inscriptions upon it of the time of Claudius, and is evidently a part of the arcade of his aqueduct1; it therefore must have existed in the time of Pliny.

"The road to this gate must have passed the Colosseum, and along the street now called Via Labicana. The distance is I mille 980 passus."

IX. THE PORTA ASINARIA is a few yards to the west of the modern Porta S. Giovanni. The exterior of the present structure is of the second or third century, but there was no doubt a gate there in the time of Pliny. The arch or gateway is filled up nearly to the top, but this arises from the raising of the ground on the inside, where it is twenty feet higher than on the outside, the gateway having been built on the level of the old road or foss-way. The interior in this upper part has been rebuilt by Theodoric, the exterior has been much repaired, and the arch filled up with a rough wall.

"After leaving the Colosseum, the road probably passed beneath the Cœlian Hill along the lower part of the Via de' SS. Quattro Coronati, and then along the Via di S. Giovanni Laterano. But in all probability the modern streets here do not follow exactly the ancient line, having been thrown out by the alterations of the Lateran in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Its distance is approximately I mille 630 passus.”

X. PORTA LATERANENSIS.-The Lateran Gate still exists, though walled up and the lower part hid by earth piled up against it on the outside, which is planted as a vineyard. The eastern side of the Lateran Palace projects very considerably beyond it, and is of different construction, the original parts being excellent lateritian brickwork of the first century. Within the wall the Palace may be traced as far as the modern fratra or monastery (one side of which is built upon part of the old work), and nearly as far as the Baptistery. The south wall and towers of the Palace form part of the fortifications for a considerable extent; but the wall has been much mutilated and badly repaired.

See the Chapter on the Aqueducts, and Regio V.

"This road, like the last, passed the Colosseum, but probably went round the fortress in which the Santi Quattro was afterwards built, and passed between the east end of the Cœlian and the Lateran, and so down the southern slope of the hill to the gate, giving a distance of I mille 500 passus."

XI. THE PORTA METRONIA, METRONIS, or MITRONII is one of the old gates at the point where the Aqua Crabra or Marana passes through the outer wall. This must have been in use in the first century, as the road leads up from it to the Arch of Dolabella of that period, although no work of a distinctive early character remains.

"The road to the Porta Metronia probably passed the Colosseum also, and then along the Via della Navicella across the Piazza della Navicella, and so directly to the gate. This gives a distance of I mille 360 passus."

XII. THE PORTA LATINA, or gate at the passage of the Via Latina through the outer wall has been rebuilt, but must have been originally at least as early as the time of Augustus, when this addition to the city was made his first Regio.

"The road to this gate turns off to the right through the Arch of Constantine, and passing along the foss-way beneath the Palatine Hill (now Via di S. Gregorio) turns to the left past the site of the ancient Porta Capena, and then along the Via Appia till it branches off along the Via Latina. The distance of this course I mille 920 passus."

amounts to

XIII. THE PORTA APPIA must have been made at the same time. We find the Via Appia mentioned by authors of this period, and it is bordered by tombs of a still earlier date.

"The course followed was the same as in the previous route, except that it continues along the Via Appia till it reaches the gate. This gives in length 2 millia 40 passus.'

XIV. THE PORTA ARDEATINA, on the Via Ardeatina, where it passes through the boundary wall, is still standing, though long closed; it is of the time of Nero or Tiberius, as fine brickwork of the first century as any in Rome. This also must therefore have been in existence and in use in the time of Pliny. We do not find this gate mentioned by any ancient author, but there stands a gateway of the first century, incorporated in the wall of Aurelian, although not in a line with it, but in an angle made on purpose to include the gate, and the road is a very ancient one.

"The course followed was also probably through the Arch of Constantine', but

The pavement of an old road is known to exist in that valley or foss, although buried. It is nearly under the tomb of the first century on the bank.

The course may have been reckoned

along the western side of the Palatine, namely, the Via di S. Teodoro, Via de' Fenili, and the Via di Cerchi. It makes, however, very little, if any, difference in the measurement.

on reaching the southern end the road passed up into the Intermontium of the Aventine, and then between the two forts now occupied by the churches respectively of S. Balbina and S. Sabba, till it passed through the old gate Porta Raudusculana, and then passing along the outside of the line of the Caracallan aqueduct it reached the Porta Ardeatina, making a distance of. 2 millia passus."

XV. PORTA OSTIENSIS (S. Paolo).-The Porta Ostiensis must have been in existence in the time of Pliny; the bank through which the Via Ostiensis passes, and in which this gate was originally made, is the enclosure of the Aventine made by Claudius. But the gatehouse has been rebuilt in the fifth century, with the exception of the inner wall, and the two gates in it, which are of older date, and belonged to the two roads, one from the Salaria, the other from the Palatine.

"This course, without doubt, followed the north-western side of the Palatine, i.e. along the modern Via di S. Teodoro and Via de' Fenili, crossing over the Aventine past the church of S. Prisca and through the ancient Porta Nævia. The road was then direct to the Porta Ostiensis. The distance is I mille 350 passus."

XVI. PORTA PORTUENSIS.-This gate was near the bank of the Tiber on the southern side of the Trastevere, and the road to Porto passed through it; it was one of the gates rebuilt by Honorius, and the inscription of his time upon it has been preserved.

"There is little doubt one road, and that perhaps the most ancient into the Trastevere, was across the Pons Sublicius. The course from the Forum Romanum probably followed the Via di S. Teodoro, the Via di S. Giorgio in Velabro, and the Via della Salara; and then passing through the Porta Trigemina it crossed the bridge, and taking the present road following the bank of the Tiber, reached in a tolerably direct line the ancient Porta Portuensis (which is some 300 passus beyond the modern Porta Portuensis), making a distance of I mille 700 passus."

XVII. PORTA JANICULENSIS, now called S. Pancrazio, is nearly on the highest point of the Janiculum, and was the gate from the ancient fortress to the adjoining table-land, on the promontory of which this fortress was placed. A gate in this position must have existed from the date when the fortress was made in the time of the Kings, but it had been probably more than once rebuilt, before it was finally destroyed by the Goths. The present gate is modern, and not exactly on the old site, as the present fortification is also modern, and encloses the old one. The fortifications of the Trastevere, as they now stand, are entirely the work of the Popes, and chiefly of the seventeenth century, but within the line are considerable ruins of the old walls of the Janiculum fortress, and the walls connecting it with the city.

"A road probably at this time passed over the Palatine Bridge, now the Ponte Rotto. The Via della Longaretta probably follows mainly the course of an ancient via. The hilly neighbourhood of the Janiculum prevented the road from reaching the gate in a direct line, and it is somewhat doubtful as to the course taken. Its total length, however, cannot be reckoned less than .

I mille 700 passus. XVIII. PORTA SEPTIMIANA.-This gate is on the northern part of the wall of the Trastevere, near the Tiber, and the Via della Longara passes through it. The gate seems to have been rebuilt by Septimius Severus, as it was named after him. The name of the gate before his time is not recorded.

"There is much doubt in tracing the course of this road. The shortest course would be perhaps along the same line as the preceding one, and crossing the river by the Ponte Rotto. There was a road across the island, and the road would be either through the Porta Carmentalis or the Porta Flumentana. On the other side of the river also, the course of the older roads has been much disturbed. The distance measured along an average line is I mille 360 passus."

It will be seen that the distance to the eighteen gates from the Forum Romanum, when added together, make the following total. Also that the roads to these eighteen gates pass through twelve other gates, which we may reasonably suppose were in existence in Pliny's time; but the courses to these twelve gates were not, he tells us, to be counted above and beyond the courses to the outer gate, or in other words, the distance between them and the Forum was not to be reckoned twice over (“ita ut duodecim semel enumerentur") :—

I. PORTA AURELIA.

Passing through

1. Porta Carmentalis

Distance in "passus."

I 600