a zigzag road leading up to the gate called Porta Romana from the stream and road below.

"ROMA QUADRATA is said to have been on the Palatine, before the temple of Apollo, where are preserved those things which have the credit of good omen to be used in private, because this place is fortified from the beginning with a stone wall of a square form. Ennius mentions it when he says, 'and what was the kingdom of Roma Quadrata §.' '

The following passage of Livy is so graphic, and relates so especially to the ground we have been describing, that it seems not out of place to quote it in full.

"The Sabines, however, kept possession of the Citadel [on the Palatine]; but though on the following day the Roman army in order of battle filled the whole plain between the Palatine and the Capitoline hills, yet they did not come down to the level ground; until the Romans, stimulated by rage and eagerness to recover their Citadel, advanced to an assault. The foremost champions of the two parties who led on the troops were Mettius Curtius on the side of the Sabines, and Hostus Hostilius on that of the Romans. The latter, in the front of the army, by his spirit and intrepidity, enabled the Romans to support the fight, in spite of the disadvantage of the ground; but on his falling, the Roman soldiers quickly gave way, and were driven back to the old gate of the Palatine. Romulus himself, being forced along by the flying crowd, raised his hands towards heaven, and said, 'O Jupiter! by the direction of thy auspices, I, here on the Palatine Hill, laid the first foundation of my city. The Sabines are already in possession of our Citadel, which they obtained by fraud, from thence they now make their way hither in arms, and have passed the middle of the valley, but do thou, O father of gods and men! from hence, at least, repel the enemy, remove dismay from the minds of the Romans, and stop their shameful flight. I vow a temple here to thee, Jupiter Stator, as a testimony to posterity of the city being preserved by thy immediate aid.' Having prayed thus, as if he had perceived that his supplications were heard, he called out,—‘Here Romans, Jupiter, supremely good and great, orders you to halt and renew the fight.' The Romans, as if they heard a voice from heaven, halted, and Romulus himself flew towards the front. On the side of the Sabines, Mettius Curtius had run down first from the citadel; had driven back the Romans in disorder, through the whole space at present occupied by the Forum, and was now at no great distance from the gate of the Palatine, crying aloud, 'We have conquered these traitors to hospitality, these cowards in war. They now feel that it is one thing to ravish virgins, and another, far different, to fight with men.' Whilst he was vaunting in this manner, Romulus attacked him with a band of the most courageous of the youths. Mettius happened at that time to fight on horseback, and on that account was the more easily repulsed; he soon gave way, and was pursued by the Romans: the rest of the Roman troops also, animated by the bravery of their king, put the Sabines to the rout. Mettius was plunged into the

ratæ.

"Quadrata Roma locus in Palatio ante Templum Apollinis dicitur, ubi reposita sunt quæ solent boni ominis gratia in urbe condenda adhiberi quia saxo munitus est initio in speciem quadratam. Ejus loci Ennius meminit, cum west corner of the Arx.

ait: quis exstiterit Romæ regnare quad(Pompeius Festus, p. 258, ed. Müller.) The temple of Apollo is believed to have stood on the raised platform which remains near the south

marsh, his horse taking fright at the noise of the pursuers: and this circumstance turned the attention of the Sabines to the danger in which they saw a person of so much consequence to them. However, his friends beckoning and calling to him, he acquired fresh courage from the affection of the multitude, and accomplished his escape. Both parties now renewed the engagement in the plain between the two hills, but the advantage was on the side of the Romans."

The old gate of the Palatine must evidently, from the context, have been the one on the east side, near where the Arch of Titus now stands. The Romans fought at great disadvantage, the Sabines having possession not only of their own hill behind them, from which they had issued, and to which they could retreat, but of the arx, or strongest part of the Roman fortifications of the Palatine, at the corner overlooking the field of battle, and near enough for their arrows to take effect. The Sabines had accordingly passed the middle of the valley, and were near the principal entrance to the Roman city before they were repulsed.

The marsh (paludem) into which Mettius and his horse were plunged was the muddy pool into which the streams from the hills ran and were united, before they turned in one stream along the lower ground towards the Tiber. This is still a swampy spot in wet weather, and it is said that no foundation can be obtained there notwithstanding that the ground has been thoroughly well drained. The stream now runs through the Cloaca Maxima, but the swamp is deeper than the drain, turning at this corner, which is close to the round church of S. Theodoro, and must have been in the direct line of the retreat of the Sabines towards the Capitol, after they had advanced half-way along the valley towards the site of the Colosseum, before they were driven back by Romulus. This pool was no doubt the boundary between the Romans on the Palatine and the Sabines on the Capitol at this point.

There has been much discussion about THE GATES of Roma Quadrata, as well as those of subsequent date. Festus says that all cities founded according to the Etruscan rite had necessarily three gates. There are also natural points for three gates into the Palatine itself through the cliffs from the pomarium; (a) one on the top of the slopes in the centre of the north-eastern side, (b) another opposite the clivus of the Coelian, near to the south angle, and (c) a third on the western side but near to the north corner, and opposite to the Capitol.

Varro mentions three gates to the Palatine :

"Mugionis, from the lowing of the cattle in the neighbourhood of the ancient

h Livii Hist., lib. i. c. 12.

city; Romanula, from Roma, with steps into the Nova Via at the altar of Pleasure; the third, Janualis, from Janus, where was placed the statue of Janus, and it was ordered by Pompilius, as recorded in the annals of Piso, that it should always be open-except there should be no wari."

The PORTA MUGIONIS, or MUGIONIA, led from the Via Sacra into the Palatine, as we learn from Dionysius :

"They founded temples and dedicated altars to the gods to whom they had prayed in battle: Romulus to Jupiter Stator, because that god had stopped the army in its flight, in consequence of his vow to build a temple to his honour, beside the gate called Mugonia [Muconides], which led to the Palatine from the Via Sacra; and Tatius to the sun and moon," &c.

From this it appears to have been the gate (a) in the middle of the east side of the Palatine, on the top of the Clivus Sacer, near the Arch of Titus, where the remains of an ancient gate of the time of the Kings may still be seen. (c) This, no doubt, is the "old gate of the Palatine," referred to in the passage from Livy (already quoted at length), and stood in the line of fortification on the eastern side of the city.

k

The PORTA ROMANA, or ROManula. This is the gate that has been excavated by the French under Signor Rosa; it opens on to the terrace-road under the cliff, before mentioned; the pavement branches off from the gate going to the west along the northern face of the Palatine, and on the east with steps and a steep descent, turning the corner towards the Forum.

The name of the gate (b) to the south opposite to the Cœlian is not mentioned in Varro's list, nor is the name of it mentioned, as far as has been ascertained, by any other writer, but the road exists, passing under a gateway of the Cæsars still standing, and is still occasionally used in descending from S. Bonaventura.

These were probably the only three roads for horses on the Palatine, but there were steps in other places; one flight leading down from the top to the site of the Arch of Constantine, where there is still a flight of steps; another at the north end, at the

"Præterea intra muros video portas dici; in Palatio. Muggionis, a mugitu, quod ea pecus in bucita circum antiquom oppidum exigebant. Alteram Romanulam ab Roma dictam, quæ habet gradus in Nova Via ad Volupiæ Sacellum. Tertia est Janualis dicta ab Jano; et ideo ibi positum Jani signum ; et jus institutum a Pompilio, ut scribit in Annalibus Piso, ut sit aperta semper, nisi quom bellum sit nusquam.” (T. Varro, de Ling. Lat., lib. v. c. 34,

s. 164, 165.)

Dionys. Ant., ii. 50.

Ut Hostus cecidit, confestim Romana inclinatur acies; fusaque est ad veterem portam Palatii.” (Livii Hist., lib. i. c. 12). See also Ovid., Trist., b. iii. eleg. 1, v. 31; Nonius Marcellus, De Proprietate Sermonis, b. xii. c. 51. The authority of Festus is not admitted when he says that this gate was called Mugionia from some one named Mugio, who had been appointed to keep it.

corner next the Forum; and another, towards the west, passing under the church of S. Anastasia. These steps would have to be secured by doors, but they would not be usually called gates, although Plutarch mentions a gate with steps descending to the Circus Maximus. This was probably the flight of steps descending from the ancient temple, and passing under the church of S. Anastasia.

The PORTA JANUALIS, where the Arch of Janus now stands, probably occupies its original site. It was not in the inner line of defence on the cliffs as the three already mentioned, but may have been a way through the Moenia or outer bank, at one corner. This gate of Janus was on the lowest level, between Roma Quadrata on the Palatine and the Capitol, and was in all probability the point at which the two zigzag roads met.

"With this view he built a Janus near the foot of the hill Argiletum, which was to notify a state either of war or peace: when open, it denoted that the State was engaged in war; when shut, that there was peace with all the surrounding nations 1."

It is stated by Aurelius Victor to have been made in the time of Numa Pompilius". Ovid gives an exact description of the situation of this gate". Although mentioned by Varro as one of the three gates to the Palatine, it does not appear to be directly in the line of the primitive fortifications.

APPENDIX TO BOOK I. SECTION III.

THE Ara Maxima is said to have been near the temple of Hercules Victor; Dionysius distinguishes between the two. The latter is mentioned by Macrobius P and Plutarch, as near the Porta Trigemina and the Aventine. Dionysius says that the second altar was dedicated by Hercules himself after his victory over Cacus, and was near to the cave. There is every probability that the cave near the Marmorata, called by modern writers the cave of Faunus, is the same as the cave of Cacus; the circumstance that there is a large natural reservoir of water in it supplied by springs, and that it is of great extent, going far back under the hill, makes it admirably suited for the concealment of cattle, and the entrance to it being very narrow, a strong man might very well defend it against almost any number. This gives a certain air of probability to the early legend, and accounts for its having been believed in the time. of the Empire. No cave is known at the north end of the Aventine. The short agger of Servius Tullius, between the Aventine and the Tiber, passes very near to this, and the Porta Trigemina must have been in that agger1.

Frontinus mentions the Salaria as at the Porta Trigemina, and the mouth of the Aqua Appia also is at the Porta Trigemina. The medieval arch which now crosses the road, and by the side of which are remains of an old gate, is close to the Salaria or Salt-wharf, which is within the ancient city; and very near to it, on the other side, is the cave reservoir which has been proved to be the mouth of the Aqua Appia.

Dionys. Halic., i. 39.

"Romæ autem Victoris Herculis ædes duæ sunt; una ad portam Trigeminam, altera in foro boario." (Macrob. Saturnal., lib. iii. c. 6.)

"Why, since there are two altars of Hercules, do women never either take or taste any of the things offered up in sacrifice? Is it because after the sacrifice being already performed, the prophetess (Carmenta) approaches?" (Plutarch, Quæst. Rom., lix., lx.)

66

... near this place (where Hercules found the oxen of the Aborigines of Latium, and killed Cacus the thief) he erected an altar to Jupiter Inventor,