Servius, in another passage, still more distinctly indicates the site :

"The bones of Orestes, translated from Aricia, were placed and buried in front of the temple of Saturn, which is in front of the clivus of the Capitol, near the temple of Concord P."

TEMPLE OF CONCORD.

The temple of Concord was rebuilt by Tiberius, as recorded by an inscription, and it was consecrated by him in A.U.C. 764, as mentioned by Dion Cassius 9.

It is also mentioned by Dion as being near the prison. There is a representation of it on a coin of Tiberius. It is believed to have been again rebuilt by Septimius Severus, with many others. Dion Cassius also says that:

"The Senate assembled in the building near the temple of Concord, having learned the state of feeling among the people, and that he (Sejanus) was not supported by the Prætorian Guard, sentenced him," &c.

This temple is several times mentioned by classical authors and on inscriptions, and in such a manner as to make it probable that there were more than one, although several of the passages apply to rebuildings of the same temple. The earliest mention of it that we have met with is in the year B.C. 400, on an inscription in which it is described to be in the area of Vulcan: this is known to have been at the foot of the Capitol, between the temples of Saturn and of Concord, which had been built in it; these were almost in the Forum Romanum, but within the boundary of the Capitol; the entrance to this early fortress was the Porta Saturnii, or gate of Saturn, and the temple of Saturn was just within the wall on the western side, that of Concord on the eastern side. The level within the wall is higher than that of the Forum proper, but all the space outside of the Tabularium was commonly considered as part of the Forum, although it had not been so originally.

Plutarch, in his life of Camillus, says that—

"The Senate, assembled after the death of Camillus, voted that the temple which he had vowed to Concord should be built upon a spot fronting the Forum and place of assembly."

In B.C. 303 a temple of Concord, in the area of Vulcan, was

P Servius in Æneid. Virgil., lib. ii. V. 116.

4 A.U.C. 747, Dion Cassius, lib. lv.

c. 8, and Ivi. c. 25.

Ibid., lib. lviii. c. II.

dedicated by Caius Flavius, the Curulis Ædilis, and Cornelius Barbetus, the Pontifex Maximus, who was reluctantly compelled by the people to dictate the form of words, although he insisted that no one below the rank of a Consul or a Commander-in-chief ought to dedicate a temple".

The next mention of it is in the year B.C. 216 by Livy, who says it was founded in the arx by Marcus Aurelius, in fulfilment of a vow of Lucius Manlius a few years beforet.

In the year B.C. 211, Livy mentions that the statue of Victory on the summit of the temple of Concord was struck by lightning, and fell as far as the other emblems of Victory on the antefixa, where it remained stuck fast, which makes it appear that it was of bronze, and partially melted by the lightning".

The Ædes Concordia is enumerated among the three senacula, or places for the assembling of the Senate. In B.C. 121 a temple of Concord in the Forum, and a Basilica Opimia, are mentioned as built or rebuilt (?) by the Consul Opimius.

Many modern writers assume that there were two temples, one in the Forum, the other in the Arx, which they consider to have stood on the summit of the Capitoline Hill; but as this temple, although fronting the Forum and almost in it, which agrees exactly with the words of the ancient authors, is still within the wall of the Capitol, it seems more probable that the Arx or Citadel of the City was at that period the whole of the Capitol, and not merely a small part of it. Whether this was the temple rebuilt by Augustus and Livia, as is mentioned by Ovid, and dedicated by Tiberius, or they built a new temple in the porticus of Livia, is another doubtful question; but a temple of Concord is certainly mentioned by Ovid as being dedicated by Livia to her husband Augustus; he calls it "a magnificent temple, which she dedicated to her beloved husband." He then mentions her splendid portico, which, he adds, was on the site of a very large house, which had been levelled to the ground by

Augustus, because (as the poet says) its very gorgeousness was considered injurious to public virtue. It had been the palace of Vibius Pollio, who had bequeathed it to Augustus. The probability is that it was razed to the ground because he and Livia saw what a magnificent site for a grand portico and temple was afforded by the artificial platform on which it stood. The fragment of the marble plan of Rome, found in 1867 on the site of a temple at the back of the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian, gives the plan of the Porticus Liviæ, with some building in the middle of it, and the plan agrees exactly with that of the platform now occupied by the church and monastery of S. Francesca Romana. That a temple of Concord was rebuilt by Constantine, is proved by an inscription preserved in the Lateran, and the existing building on that site is of his time.

The number of statues mentioned by Pliny and by Dion Cassius as being placed in the temple of Concord, could hardly have left room for the Senate also to assemble there.

We are told that the cella of this temple was 125 feet long, and was placed transversally to the portico, and that it was the place for meetings of the Senate. There is no space upon the podium or basement for such a cella, it could only be the corridor at the back; and as that is immediately occupied by the stairs, there is no space for the Senate to assemble excepting above in the hall to which these stairs lead. When Cicero' mentions the Cella Concordiæ over the Clivus Capitolinus, as the place where armed men stood, and where the Senate and the Equestrian order were assembled, he could hardly mean the small cella of a temple only.

Servius', in his notes in the second Georgic, says that the Tabularia in which the public acts were contained, and the Ærarium or

"Adeone pudorem cum pudicitia perdidisti, ut hoc in eo templo dicere ausus sis, in quo ego senatum illum, qui quondam florens orbi terrarum præsidebat, consulebam, tu homines perditissimos cum gladiis collocavisti? At etiam ausus es (quid autem est, quod tu non audeas?) Clivum Capitolinum dicere, me consule, plenum servorum armatorum fuisse. . . Quis enim eques Romanus, quis, præter te, adolescens nobilis, quis ullius ordinis, qui se civem meminisset, quum senatus in hoc templo esset, in Clivo Capitolino non fuit? quis nomen non dedit? quamquam nec scribæ sufficere, nec tabulæ nomina illorum capere potuerunt.

"Jam illud cujus est, non dico audaciæ (cupit enim se audacem), sed, quod

minime vult, stultitiæ, qua vincit omnes, Clivi Capitolini mentionem facere, quum inter subsellia nostra versentur armati? quum in hac Cella Concordiæ, O Dii Immortales! in qua, me consule, salutares sententiæ dicta sunt, quibus ad hanc diem viximus, cum gladiis homines collocati stent? &c.

CEDANT ARMA TOGÆ."

Cicero, Philippica Secunda, c. 7, 8. z "Insanumque forum; litigiosum. Populi tabularia; ubi actus publici continentur. Significat autem templum Saturni in quo et ærarium fuerat et [ubi] reponebantur acta quæ susceptis liberis faciebant parentes." Juvenalis (9. 84.) (Servius, Comment. in Virg. Georg., ii. v. 502.)

Treasury, were both in the temple of Saturn. This is evidently a loose mode of expression, and it leaves out the temple of Concord altogether.

a

THE CURIA.

Vitruvius says that the Treasury, the Prison, the Law Court (Curia), were contiguous to the Forum, but so arranged that their large size and symmetrical form harmonized well with it.

"The Ærarium, the Prison, the Curia, are contiguous to the Forum, but so that their large size and symmetry harmonize with it. Chiefly, indeed, the Curia is in the first place to be made worthy of the dignity of the municipality, or of the city; and if it were square it would lose as much in height as it would gain in width; if it were oblong, the length and width would compose better, and the half of the whole composition would be given to the height of the vaults" (of the Tabularium?).

From this it appears that the great public building in question was also called the Curia or Law Court. Lampridius, in the life of Alexander Severus, says that "the Senate assembled frequently in the court (curia), that is, the temple of Concord." Julius Capitolinus, in the life of Maximus and Balbinus, says that the Senate assembled in the temple of Concord. Varro d

"Erarium, Carcer, Curia foro sunt conjungenda, sed ita uti magnitudo symmetriæ eorum foro respondeat. Maxime quidem curia inprimis est facienda ad dignitatem municipii sive civitatis et si quadrata erit, quantum habuerit latitudinis, dimidia addita constituatur altitudo; sin autem oblonga fuerit, longitudo et latitudo componatur et summæ compositæ ejus dimidia pars sub lacunariis altitudini detur." (Vitruvius de Architect., 1. v. c. 2.)

b "a. d. pridie nonas Martias cum senatus frequens in curiam hoc est in ædem Concordiæ templumque inauguratum convenisset," &c. (A. Lampridii Alexander Severi, c. vi. 1. 18.)

с

This also agrees with

"Senatus pertrepidus in ædem Concordiæ vii. idus Junias concurrit," &c. (Julii Capitolini Maximus et Balbinus, c. i. l. 4.)

d"Comitium ab eo quod coibant eo comitiis curiatis et litium causa. Curiæ duorum generum; nam et ubi curarent sacerdotes res divinas ut Curiæ veteres, et ubi senatus humanas ut curia Hostilia, quod primus ædificavit Hostilius Rex. Ante hanc Rostra quovis id vocabulum, ex hostibus capta fixa sunt rostra. Sub dextra hujus a comitio locus substructus, ubi nationum subsisterent legati qui ad senatum essent missi." (T. Varro, de Ling. Lat., lib. v. pp. 155, 156.)

OPUS QUADRATUM. THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER FERETRIUS.

It is important to demonstrate that the construction of the walls of all the earliest buildings of Rome, recorded by Livy, is the same, as this bears out the truth of his history. The primitive fortifications of the Palatine Hill have already been described. The foundations of a temple of the same early character, called Etruscan, were excavated by the Italian Government in 1871-72, at the west end of the Arx of Romulus (Roma Quadrata), which formed the northern end of the Palatine Hill. There is a great flight of steps up to this temple from the direction of the Circus Maximus, and the whole of the wall is of the same early construction as the walls of the fortifications, and as the Ærarium and the Tabularium on the Capitol. This temple can hardly be any other than that of Jupiter Feretrius.

The temple was built in the year 4 of Rome, B.C. 749, and was the first temple to be consecrated in Rome, according to Livy :

"He routed and dispersed their army; pursued it in its flight; slew their king in the battle, and seized his spoils; after which he made himself master of their city (Canine) at the first assault. From thence he led home his victorious troops; and being not only capable of performing splendid actions, but also fond of displaying those actions to advantage, he marched up in procession to the Capitol, carrying on a frame, properly constructed for the purpose, the spoils of the enemy's general whom he had slain; and there laying them down under an oak, which the shepherds accounted sacred, he, at the same time, while he offered this present, marked out with his eye the bounds of a temple for Jupiter, to whom he gave a new name, saying, 'Jupiter Feretrius, in acknowledgment of the victory which I have obtained, I, Romulus the King, offer to thee these royal arms, and dedicate a temple to thee on that spot which I have now measured out in my mind, to be a repository for those grand spoils, which, after my example, generals in future times shall offer, on slaying the kings and generals of their enemies.' This was the origin of that temple, which was the first consecrated in Rome."

The walls are of tufa, of the same rude early character of construction as the other walls, known as the walls of Romulus, and the stones are of the same size. A grand staircase, or flight of steps,

"Hæc templi est origo, quod primum omnium Romæ sacratum est.' (Livii Hist., lib. i. c. 10.)

So called from the feretrum, or frame, supporting the spoils; the second, spolia opima, or grand spoils, were offered by Cornelius Cossus, who killed Tolumnius, King of the Veientians;

E

and the third by Claudius Marcellus, who killed Viridomarus, a king of the Gauls. The spoils, called spolia opima, or grand, or chief spoils, were so denominated when they were taken from a king or general-in-chief commanding an army.

Livii Hist., lib. i. 10.