descends from it in the direction of the Circus Maximus (as we have mentioned); the line from it would now pass just in front of the church of S. Anastasia, and straight to the Carceres of the Circus. This temple is stated to have been built in the Capitol, that is, in the Capitol of Romulus, before the union with the Sabines. The hill of Saturn, now called the Capitoline Hill, was added to the Roman city at a subsequent period, as stated by Livy; at that time it was occupied by the Sabines. At a later period, in the year 318 of Rome (B.C. 435), the spoils obtained from Veii by Cornelius Cossus, the military tribune, were deposited in this temple, near the spoils placed there by Romulus ".

"Crowned with success in every quarter, the Dictator, in pursuance of a decree of the Senate and an order of the people, returned into the city in triumph. By far the most distinguished object in this procession was Cossus, carrying the spolia opima (grand spoils) of the king whom he had slain, while the soldiers chanted their uncouth verses, extolling him as equal to Romulus. With the usual form of dedication he presented and hung up the spoils in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius, near to those dedicated by Romulus, and first denominated opima, which were the only ones then existing."

This passage in Livy, of the date of 318 of Rome, clearly proves that the temple of Jupiter Feretrius was on the Palatine Hill, contrary to the opinion of modern writers, who place it on the Capitoline Hill because Livy in his first book, at the time of the foundation of this temple in the year 4 of Rome, says it was in Capitolio, by which he evidently meant the Capitol or arx of the Palatine fortress before the union with the Sabines. After which (but not before) the hill of Saturn, which had been the arx or Capitol of the Sabine city, was made the Capitol of the united City of Rome, with the mixed population of the Romans and the Sabines. This union did not take place until after the foundation of this temple, and until after the capture of Antemnæ and Crustumene, which could hardly have been accomplished until some years after the foundation of the city. The arx or Capitol, betrayed by Tarpeia, must have been the arx of the Palatine fortress, before it was united into one city by having the hill of Saturn united with it. Tarpeia had to go down to the outer mania, or earthwork, at the junction with the earthworks of the other fortress on the hill of Saturn, to fetch drinking water at the drawbridge, near where the Janus Quadrifrons

"Spolia in æde Jovis Feretrii prope Romuli spolia, quæ, prima Opima appellata, sola ea tempestate erant, cum sollenni dedicatione dono fixit. (Livii Hist., lib. iv. c. 20.)

e Livii Hist., lib. iv. c. 20.

f Ibid., lib. i. c. 9-11.

This arch, with four faces, is usually called the Arch of Janus; it is built over the stream of water that now runs in the Cloaca Maxima.

now stands, the point at which the Aqua Argentina, the only drinking water on the Palatine Hill, fell into the stream that ran between the two fortresses, and had formed the lake of Curtius further to the east, where two other streams fall into it, all of which now run through the Cloaca Maxima.

The next wall of which we have the history (or as some say the legend only) is the one that was built to enclose the hill of Saturn and the Palatine in one City :

"Numa, after his accession to the government, did not remove the particular temples belonging to the curiæ, but erected one temple common to them all, between the Capitoline and the Palatine hills. For both these hills had already been encompassed with one wall, the forum in which this temple was built lying between them. He also enacted that the keeping of the holy things, according to the custom established among the Latins, should be committed to virgins "."

Of this wall we have some important remains, although they were not generally understood. The line can be clearly traced. The hill of Saturn or Tarpeian rock was then, and not till then, made the capital of the united City. The scarped cliffs of that rock itself were considered a sufficient protection on the north side; a wall was joined on to it near the north-east corner, crossing the old trench of the previous fortifications of that hill, when it was a separate fortress, in which trench the road had been made on the line of the present Via di Marforio. The wall crosses that street near its northern end, and forms a ridge across it. Some excavations were made in 1872 in that street, under Mr. Parker's direction, and the tufa wall was found forming this ridge (as was expected), the line of it continuing across the south end of the Forum of Trajan, and the houses at that end of the Forum are built upon that foundation. The tomb of Bibulus is just outside of the line. The houses on the western side of the street are built upon a ledge of the tufa rock, those on the eastern side stand upon a tufa wall for a short distance within the ridge, but outside of this there are remains of the Forum of Trajan under the houses in this street. A short street goes from the Via di Marforio on each side of the agger or ridge. The southern part of the street is modern, made upon the vaults of part of the lower chambers of the great Mamertine Prison. The line of the wall continued straight from west to east, and joined on to that part of the Quirinal Hill which was afterwards cut away to enlarge the Forum of Trajan; it then turned to the right, or south, and remains for a considerable distance, forming the eastern wall of the Forum of

Dionysius Hal., Rom, Ant., lib. ii. c. 66.

Augustus, as far as the Torre de Conti, which stands on the site of a very ancient fortress, at one angle of that City. The line has run in this part from north to south, and near the southern end it is cut through by the Forum Transitorium, or Forum of Nerva. The wall on the southern side of this Forum (now the modern street, called The Collonacci,) is behind the houses, and is built of travertine in the style of the time of Augustus; it was the separation between the Forum of Augustus and that of Nerva. This wall of travertine is inserted at a right angle into the great wall of the Kings at about one-third of its height, the old wall being still visible (behind the houses on the north side of the street) fifty feet high and twelve feet thick, built of the usual great blocks of tufa. This great ancient wall has been cut through for the modern street in the seventeenth century. A drawing of Palladio is preserved, in which this wall is shewn, crossing the end of the street, with an arch cut through it in the same manner as at the end of the parallel street, where the arch (miscalled Arco di Pantano) is cut through the old wall.

After crossing the street and joining the Torre de Conti, the line of the wall turns again at an angle from east to west, passing under the houses on the south side of this street, the backs of which are built upon it; and at the corner of the next street, the marble columns of the temple of Pallas are built up against it, and the cornice built. upon it. Behind these columns is seen an ancient doorway, that probably was one of the entrances of this second City. The wall must then have passed southwards against the eastern cliff of the Velia, and passing from thence under the end of the great platform on which S. Francesca Romana now stands. Then along the foot of the southern end of the Palatine, and continuing along the foot on the western side, we come to some remains of it, now in a garden behind the houses, and we soon arrive at the well-known towers under the church of S. Anastasia, usually supposed to have belonged to the Circus Maximus, but more probably belonging to this fortress; most likely at another angle, where it turned and went across the valley to the Pulchrum Littus on the bank of the Tiber, which formed part of this second fortification. It then continued against the bank of the Tiber, until it arrived opposite the hill of Saturn on its western side, and was then carried across and joined on to it. A portion of the line in this interval may be seen under the church of S. Angelo in Pescheria. This line was long retained as the boundary of the City in that direction, and the Porta Triumphalis (now forming the porch of the church) was between the porticus of Octavia outside of the City and that of Philippus inside the City.

These remains of the wall of the second City have hitherto been misunderstood, and have been attributed either to the original City of Romulus or to that of Servius Tullius. The latter, no doubt, made use of them whenever they served his purpose, for the fortification of the third City.

TEMPLE OF JUPITER CAPITOLINUS.

This temple, of which the ruins remain on the top of the Tarpeian rock, now in the garden of the Prussian Embassy, is built of the stone which the Italians call "sperone," and called by Vitruvius Lapis Gabiensis, which comes from the quarries at Gabii only. The temple of Jupiter Capitolinus was founded by Tarquinius Priscus, and completed by Tarquinius Superbus, according to Livy.

Gabii was conquered in the time of Tarquinius Priscus, and nothing is more natural than that the stone should be brought from the quarries there to commemorate that conquest in building this temple. Livy relates the two events in the same chapter, and completes the history in the following one. The temple stands in an area enclosed by a wall of the same early construction as the temple itself, agreeing in architectural character with the time of the Tarquinii. It was founded in the year 220 of Rome, B.C. 532; and consecrated in the year 246 of Rome, B.C. 506. It was therefore twenty-six years in construction, which marks it to have been an important building of the period. Forty talents of silver and gold had been taken from the Volscians just before, and were devoted to this work in commemoration of the victory and conquests.

"He (Tarquinius) began the war against the Volscians, which lasted for more than two hundred years after his death, and took Sueffa Pometia from them by storm; from the sale of the plunder of which place, having amassed silver and gold to the value of forty talents, he conceived the design of erecting a temple to Jupiter, of such grandeur as should be worthy of the King of gods and men, worthy of the Roman empire, and of the dignity of the place itself; for the building of this temple he set apart the money which arose from the spoils."

"Tarquinius, having thus acquired possession of Gabii, concluded a peace with the Etrurians, and then turned his thoughts to the internal business of the city; among which, the object of his principal concern was to leave the Temple of Jupiter on the Tarpeian mount a monument of his reign and of his name, to testify that of two Tarquinii, both of whom reigned, the father had vowed, and the son completed it."

The temple of Jupiter Feretrius has usually been placed, by Livii Hist., lib. i. c. 55.

Livii Hist., lib. i. c. 53,.

modern writers on the ancient topography of Rome, on the Capitol, but this appears to have been a mistake. The temple that was on the site of the church of Ara Cœli, was not that of Jupiter Capitolinus. The ruins excavated on the summit of the Tarpeian rock a few years since, agree in so remarkable a manner with the history of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, that there can be little hesitation in considering them as identified. Although the remains are slight, they are sufficient to shew that it was a place of importance. The temple itself was small, but that was usual; it was enclosed in a porticus or arcade, of which the back wall only remains, and these ruins are of the same early character as the rest, not so early as that of Jupiter Feretrius, but agreeing perfectly with the time of the Tarquins. The large enclosure belonging to the temple indicates a place of importance, and this accounts for its being so long as twenty-six years in construction. The ornamentation was no doubt of wood and bronze, according to the custom of that period; we have only the foundations and the rude walls of construction remaining, but this very construction gives a date to it, and agrees with Livy's history.

OPUS RETICULATUM.

DOMUS AUGUSTIANA ET TIBERIANA.

One of the best examples in Rome of the opus reticulatum is the important house excavated in 1869-70, also on the Palatine. The walls are built of concrete as usual, but faced with the reticulated work to give them a smooth surface to receive the plaster to be painted upon. The situation and the peculiarities of this house agree entirely with the history of Suetonius and Dion Cassius, of the house of Hortensius purchased by Augustus for his own residence. This was added to a few years afterwards by the Senate, who were not satisfied with the "house of an ordinary citizen" in which Augustus resided. It was not grand enough for the Roman Emperor. They therefore insisted on adding state apartments decorated with mosaic pavements and fresco paintings, neither of which was found in the original house. This house of Hortensius is exactly "the house of an ordinary citizen" of the time of Julius Cæsar, or perhaps of Sylla, such as we see many examples of remaining at Pompeii. The state apartments were added at the north end of this house, and there is no internal communication between the original house and the addition to it. Augustus chose to retain his