10. supersit, implying a future poem, which was never completed, but probably changed for the Æneid.

II. Aonio, see Ecl. vi. 65.

12. primus referam: in this passage the poet seems to have got beyond his depth in Pindaric song, so that the figure seems harsh and strained. Of course some kind of an allegory is indicated, which is to celebrate the triumphs of Augustus. It is perhaps fortunate that this temple never was built, but that we have the Æneid instead, a much more human composition. Idumaeas, put for the East generally, to contrast with the scenes of Northern Italy, the poet's home. — palmas, simply for the victories of Augustus.

16. mihi, ethical dative, in my song, or I will have, &c.

17. victor ego: there is a great chariot-race, which is confounded with an intellectual race in a rather crude Pindaric figure.

19. Alpheum, the scene of the Olympic games. Molorchi, the host of Hercules when he went to attack the Nemean lion, hence the allusion is to the Nemean games.

21. ipse, etc.: the poet is to be the high priest.

22. iam nunc, in imagination.

24. scaena, etc.: plays were always a part of such festivals. - versis : the side scenes were on prisms or pyramidal structures, which were turned round to change the scene.

25. tollant, to close the scene, which was done by raising (not lowering) the curtain. — Britanni, as the ornaments of the curtain (intexti).

27. Gangaridum, a people of India, put for the conquest of the far East through the victories over Antony's Eastern troops. - Quirini, Augustus as a second Romulus.

29. Nilum, etc., the expedition to Egypt after the battle of Actium. - columnas, like the columna rostrata, with projecting beaks of ships, to commemorate the naval victories.

30. urbes: the general success of the Roman arms in the East seems to be all that is referred to. - Niphaten, a mountain of Armenia, put for the conquest of that country, but whether the expedition of B.C. 20 is meant is very uncertain.

31. Parthum, see Æn. xi. 653 and note. Augustus' success against the Parthians was not exactly military, though it was in consequence of his other military successes.

32. duo, bis: victories over the Morini and Dalmatians would fit these words, but the allusion is not definite enough to make sure. 33. utroque, the ocean and the Adriatic.

35. proles, etc., the ancestral glories of the house are to be celebrated also.

36. auctor: the walls of Troy were fabled to have been built by Apollo for Laomedon.

37. invidia, etc.: there is to be a representation of the punishment of the wicked in the world below, see Æn. vi. 582 et seq., which passage probably contains the poet's materials otherwise worked up.

39. non exsuperabile, uncontrollable.

40. interea, i.e. till the time comes for the work.

41. intactos, untouched by poet's hand.— Maecenas, cf. ii. 39, &c. 43. Cithaeron, simply as woodland, not with reference to the worship of Bacchus.

44. Taygeti, famous for hunting, cf. ii. 488.

45. adsensu, the answering echo.

48. Tithoni, the husband of Aurora, who enjoyed the gift of immortality. He became a stock example of a long life, and hence is used here.

52. turpe, ugly.

53. crurum, see § 260, e; G. 418; H. 434 N.4

56. displiceat, apodosis of "if he should have," &c.; probably some writers disapprove of the characteristics mentioned. — maculis et albo, the common hendiadys.

57. iuga: in Italy cows also are used for draught cattle. - detractans, etc., i.e. a little viciousness in action and appearance is no objection. 60. Lucinam, breeding. — iustos hymenaeos, regular mating. 62. cetera (aetas), their other years.

65. prolem, generation.

66. optima: the subject being a dry one at best, every bit of patchwork is seized upon to give a human interest.

70. enim, then, its asseverating force passing over into an illative one. — amissa requiras, you regret the loss.

71. ante, betimes.

73. quos: supply eis with impende.

74. a teneris, from their earliest years.

75. continuo, at once, i.e. without training.

76. mollia, daintily.

77. primus, early, in the same sense as continuo in the preceding

verse.

80. argutum, slender.

81. luxuriat, grows full. — animosum, spirited, the action of the head and neck showing itself in the chest.

85. ignem: the snorting of the horse from his red nostrils is conceived as breathing fire, a poetic idea which passed into a myth in respect to many fabulous creatures; see Æn. viii. 620.

87. duplex, a wide, flat spine, so that there seems to be a channel in the middle.

89. Amyclaei, of Amycle, the city of Laconia where Castor and Pollux lived. Pollucis: this hero was famous for boxing, as his brother was for horsemanship, but their functions are often interchanged.

91. Martis, see Il. xv. 119. — Achilli, see Il. xvi. 148.

93. Saturnus, see Classical Dictionary.

95. hunc quoque, etc., i.e. even the choicest must only be used in the vigor of his youth.

97. frigidus in Venerem, slow for breeding.

98. ingratum, useless.

100. ergo: resuming the general ideas of the selection and the limit

of age.

IOI. hinc, then, next to that. — artis, qualities, points. — prolem parentum, i.e. the qualities of the race generally.

102. quis cuique, etc., their victories and defeats in the race; but the expression is intensified by making it a matter of interest to the horses themselves, and at the same time the spirit of the horse is referred to, upon which he enlarges farther in the following.

105. exsultantia, etc.: the use of haurit seems like that of ensis haurit and the like, in which the word becomes equal to pierces.

108. iamque humiles, etc.: from the speed of the horses the chariot seems to bound through the air, only touching the earth at intervals. III. umescunt, i.e. the drivers.

113. Erichthonius, a king of Athens.

115. Pelethronii, cf. Pelethronium, a region of Pelion.

117. gressus, etc., a gait like the caracole, in which all four feet are brought to the ground close together.

118. uterque, i.e. of riding and driving.

120. quamvis, etc.: the horse must be young, no matter how excellent in other respects.

121. Epirum, Mycenas, regions famous for horses.

122. Neptuni, cf. i. 12.

128. referant, bear the marks of.

129. armenta, i.e. the females.

130. primos, as adverb.

132. quatiunt, tire.

133. cum... inanes, i.e. in the autumn.

135. usus, activity.

137. rapiat: the subject is usus.

141. sit passus, would allow, &c., an apodosis.
145. procubet, lie along the sward.

147. plurimus, many a creature.

148. vertere, i.e. merely give it a different name.

151. Tanagri, a river of Lucania, a region famous for its pastures.
152. exercuit, vented.

153. Inachiae, i.e. Io, daughter of Inachus, beloved by Jupiter, and
changed into a heifer.

158. notas, marks of ownership.

159. submittere, rear, cf. Ecl. i. 46.

161. horrentem, proleptic.

162. cetera, except the calves, which are kept at home.

163. ad studium, for pleasure, cf. temo, v. 173.

167. libera, untamed.

168. e torquibus, i.e. by these withe collars.

170. inanes, without load, hence summo, etc.

172. faginus, of the farm wagon.

173. temo, of the chariot.

179. studium, your fancy.

180. Alphea, cf. v. 19.

182. labor, lesson.

186. plausae, patted.

189. etiam, still (et iam).

191. gyrum, of the circle of a track.

192. compositis, of an artificial gait.—alterna, as in a trot.
194. vocet, challenge.

195. summa, cf. summo, v. 171.

197. differt, scatters abroad.

200. urgent, supply se.

201. ille, i.e. Aquilo.

202. hinc, etc., then he is to be regularly trained in the long course.

204. Belgica: the essedum was a Gallic war-chariot. -molli,

yielding.

206. domandum, see § 300; G. 433; H. 542, iii.

210. caeci, secret, not showing itself, but working in the system.

218. amantis, rivals.

219. Sila, a woody mountain among the Bruttii.

220. alternantes, contending.

230. instrato, may be either strown or unstrown, of which the former
is more probable.

232. irasci, cf. Æn. xii. 104.

236. signa movet, he advances.

237. fluctus, etc.: the point of the comparison is the gradual coming from afar and the final shock.

249. male erratur, 'tis ill wandering.

251. notas odor, etc.: by a poetic perversion, the odor is said to bring the air, of which it is a quality.

255. Sabellicus: the wilds of the Sabine mountains were the haunts of the boar.

257. hinc atque illinc, etc.: the animal's scratching himself is treated as a process to harden himself.

259. nempe, etc., ah, he, &c.; the allusion is to Hero and Leander. 263. super, besides.

267. mentem, the disposition.-Glauci, a son of Sisyphus, who kept horses at Potniæ, a part of Boeotia. His horses became frenzied and devoured him.

269. Gargara, a region of Mt. Ida, see i. 103. — Ascanium, a river of Bithynia.

271. avidis, inflamed with desire. — subdita, is kindled.

275. gravidae, an old superstition.

277. non, etc.: the only direction not negatived is the West, which of course is meant.

285. amore, love of the subject.

287. agitare, to pursue (the theme of).

290. hunc, i.e. of poetical treatment.

291. deserta, the emphatic word, cf. next verse.

292. priorum, of earlier bards.

293. molli: the epithet indicates figuratively the gentle nature of the subject. devertitur, descends, Castalia being at the bottom of a kind of ravine or cleft in the rock at the foot of Parnassus.

294. nunc, i.e. having finished the herds of Apollo. sonandum, i.e. you, referring to Pales.

295. edico, I ordain that, &c., a formal word. —mollibus, comfortable, easy.

298. subter, adverb.

299. molle, tender: such uses of the same words in close proximity with a totally different sense are almost characteristic of Virgil. — turpis, disfiguring.

300. hinc digressus, next in order.

303. cum olim, when, as comes in time.

304. Aquarius, the sun is in this constellation in January. 305. haec, the older form for hae, which later lost the ce.