conciseness; see Cic. de or. I 53, 229. Brut. 39, 145. 40, 148. 44, 163 (Scaevolae dicendi elegantiam satis ex iis orationibus quas reliquit habemus cognitam). Just as in the passages where Scaevola alone is mentioned and in a way almost proverbial (e. g. Hor. Ep. II 2, 89), we are justified in fixing on him especially as the most famous person of that name, he might also be that Scaevola whom Quintil. XI 2, 38 mentions on account of his strong memory. His anxiety for a syste matic description of the ius civile, especially his work negi ogor (n. 2 at the end) renders it probable that he adhered to the Stoa and that he was actually the doctissimus pontifex (maximus) Scaevola whose Stoic threefold division of the gods (poetical, philosophical and political gods) and other freethinking opinions on popular religion are quoted by Augustin de civ. dei IV 27 on Varro's authority; see E. Zeller, on the state of philosophy among the Romans (1866) p. 32—36, where, however, such opinions as these should not have been stated to be due to the safety of maintaining them, they being on the contrary due to the constant candour and firm character of Scaevola.

2. Pompon. Dig. I 2, 2, 41: Q. Mucius, P. f., pontifex maximus, ius civile primus constituit, generatim in libros XVIII redigendo. See Gell. VI (VII) 15, 2: Q. Scaevola in librorum quos de iure civili composuit XVI. "For the first time we meet here with a comprehensive, uniform and methodical system, in the place of the old interpretation of laws and casuistry, of legal opinions and prejudices." A. F. Rudorff, History of Roman law, v. I p. 161. It was based on the purely Roman idea of the right of freely disposing of one's possessions, by a last will and among the survivors (uti legassit super familia tutelave, ita ius esto, Dig. L 16, 120 comp. 122. Gell. IV 1, 17. Dig. XXXIII 9, 3 pr. XXXIV 2, 27 pr.), which was followed by the obligations arising from injuries and compacts (Gell. VI (VII) 15, 2. Dig. XVII 2, 30. XLVII 2, 76, 1), and by legal prosecution (Dig. XIX 5, 11); see Rudorff 1. 1. p. 161 sq. His work remained the basis of the legal works of the next period, in supplementing, developing and amending it. Ser. Sulpicius e. g. wrote Notata Mucii (Dig. XVII 2, 30 comp. Gell. IV 1, 20: in reprehensis Scaevolae capitibus. Gai. Inst. I 188. III 149), Laelius Felix Ad Q. Mucium (Gell. XV 27, 1. 4), Gaius (I 188) ex Q. Mucio, and Ser. Pomponius (after Hadrian, see Dig. VII 8, 22) Ad Q. Mucium lectionum libri XXXIX, the latter work being frequently made use of in the Digest instead of Q. Mucius himself; it should no doubt also be understood Dig. XL 1, 53 sq. (Zimmern 1. 1. p. 287, n. 28). Besides this great work, Scaevola wrote also a Compendium liber singularis Ogwr (definitionum), four times quoted in the Digest (Dig. XLI 1, 64. XLIII 20, 8. L 16, 241. 17, 73; comp. XXXV 1, 7 pr. Muciana cautio), as the oldest work used there.

3. Pompon. Dig. I 2, 2, 42: Mucii auditores fuerunt complures, sed praecipuac auctoritatis Aquilius Gallus, Balbus Lucilius, Sex. Papirius, G. Iuventius. . . omnes tamen hi a Ser. Sulpicio nominantur, alioquin per se eorum scripta non talia exstant ut ea omnes appetant;

denique nec versantur omnino scripta eorum inter manus hominum, sed Servius (iis) libros suos complevit. Of these Gallus (below 161, 1) certainly belongs to the Ciceronian period, Cicero himself having for some time attended the responsa of this Q. Scaevola (Lael. 1, 1). Sex. Papirius and G. Iuventius are not known from other passages, though in Cic. Brut. 48, 178 T. Iuventius is mentioned for dryness in speaking; while at the same time is attributed to him magna iuris civilis intellegentia. L. Lucilius Balbus, doctus et eruditus homo, thoughtful, but slow (Cic. Brut. 42, 154), was the former master of Ser. Sulpicius (below 161, 2).

4. Other jurists besides Scaevola were Antipater (above 132, 4), Q. Tubero (above 134, 2) and Rutilius Rufus (136, 2), also Q. Lucretius Vispillo (in privatis causis et acutus et iurisperitus, Cic. Brut. 48, 178) and Paulus (Pompon. 1. 1. 40; Cic. Lael. 27, 101 has Aulus) Virginius, then Volcatius, the teacher of A. Cascellius (Plin. N. H. VIII 40, 61), and probably also C. Sextius Calvinus (Cic. Brut. 34, 130), Pontidius (Cic. de or. II 68, 275), and M. Buculeius (ib. I 39, 179).

Sex. Pompeius, Cnei Pompei (Magni) patruus (Pompon. Dig. I 2, 2. 40); praestantissimum ingenium contulerat ad summam iuris civilis et ad perfectam geometriae et rerum stoicarum scientiam (Cic. Brut. 47, 175 comp. de or. I 15, 67. III 21, 78. off. I 6, 19).

The Roman knight C. (Visellius) Aculeo, the friend of the orator L. Crassus (Cic. de or. II 1, 2), according to Cic. de or. I 43, 191 ita tenens ius civile ut ei (except Q. Scaevola) nemo de iis qui peritissimi sunt anteponatur, and (Brut. 76, 264) bequeathing his legal knowledge to his son C. Visellius Varro.

Q. Cornelius Maximus, known only as the teacher of Trebatius Testa (below 189, 3), and Cic. ad Fam. VII 17, 3 (idem Q. Cornelio videbatur, cf. ib. 8, 2). See also Gai. Inst. I 136 (Maximus). Dig. XXXIII 7, 16, 1 (Cornelius).

142. Among the Annalists of this period, Cn. Aufidius wrote in Greek; Q. Claudius Quadrigarius possessed sufficient critical insight to commence his Roman history with the conflagration of the Gauls. Valerius Antias in his very extensive work is the most important immediate predecessor of Livy, though his exaggerations both in descriptions and numerical statements prominently represent the manner of the later Annalists.

1. Cn. Aufidius praetorius (whose praetorship probably falls c. 650) nobis (i. e. c. 660 V. C.) et in senatu sententiam dicebat nec amicis deliberantibus deerat et graecam scribebat historiam et videbat (Bentley vivebat) in litteris, Cic. Tusc. V 38, 112; cf. fin. V 19, 54: equidem e Cn. Aufidio praetorio, erudito homine oculis capto, saepe audiebam. He reached a very advanced age (Cic. p. dom. 13, 35). C. I. gr. 2349 b

(ὑπὸ Γναίου Αύφιδίου Γναίου υἱοῦ ἀντιστρατήγου), from Adramyttion, more probably relates to his son (W. Teuffel in Pauly's Enc. I 2 p. 2128. n. 5). Of his graeca historia we posses no fragments; but there is no doubt that it treated of the history of Rome. W. Harless, de Fabiis et Aufidiis rerum rom. scriptoribus (Bonn 1853) p. 46-49.

2. Vellei. II 9, 6: aequalis Sisennae Rutilius (above 136, 2) Claudiusque Quadrigarius et Valerius Antias. The person of Claudius is unknown. He was, possibly, identical with the translator of Acilius. See above 116, 1. The title of his work fluctuates, as usual, between Annales, Historiae, Rerum romanarum libri. The highest quotation is Q. Claudius in XXIII annali, by Gellius X 13, 4. The fragments of the first book prove that it treated of the conquest of Rome by the Gauls; but the critical tendency indicated in this is not in harmony with the accounts of the great losses on the side of the adversaries given by Claudius in his descriptions of battles (Liv. XXXIII 10, 9. XXXVIII 23, 8). In harmony with analogous works, he seems to have carried his to his own period; book XIX treated of Sulla's conquest of the Piraeus (Gell. XV 1, 4 sqq.). As the third book contained the first Punic war, the treatment appears to have been very unequal; at first a mere summary of events, but gradually expanding as the writer approached his own time, embodying even speeches and letters (Gell. I 7, 9. III 8, 8). The account was lengthy even in details and often reflective (e. g. Gell. X 13, 4). The diction was archaic and therefore to the taste of the time of Fronto; see Fronto ap. Gell. XIII 29 (28), 2 and Epist. p. 114, 3 sq. N.: historiam scripsere . . Claudius lepide, Antias invenuste, Sisenna longinque. Gell. XV 1, 4: Q. Claudi, optumi et sincerissimi scriptoris; IX 13, 4: Q. Claudius. . purissime atque inlustrissime simplicique et incompta orationis antiquae suavitate descripsit. Cicero and Dionysius do not mention him; Livy quotes him ten times, always calling him Claudius and sometimes differing from him. The greater part of the fragments are found in Gellius; see the collection of them in Krause p. 249-266, Roth p. 339-351. H. Peter, M. Claudi Quadrigari annalium reliquiae. disposuit, rec., praefatus est. Frankfurt a. d. O. 1868. 33 pp. 4. On Claudius see also Giesebrecht, Prenzlau 1831. 4. Krause p. 243-249. Gerlach, Roman Historians p. 81-83. Kieserling, de rer. script. p. 43-46. Nissen, Critical Investigations p. 39-41.

3. Valerius Antias (probably descended from the L. Valerius Antias mentioned by Liv. XXIII 34, 9), the author of an historical work, sometimes Historiae (or Historia) in at least 75 books (book LXXV is quoted by Gellius VI (VII) 9, 17; book LXXIV by Priscian IX 53. p. 872 P. = 489, 6 Htz.), beginning with the oldest history of Rome (Gell. VII (VI) 7, 6; the second book treated of Numa, Macrob. Sat. I 13, 20. Arnob. adv. nat. V 1) and reaching as far as the time of Sulla (he having mentioned the heirs of the orator L. Crassus, who died a. 663, Plin. N. H. XXXIV 3, 14). Dionysius mentions him II 13 and I 7 (see above 32, 3) among the naivovμevor of the Roman historians. We

know him, however, chiefly through Livy who mentions him more frequently than any other of his predecessors (in 35 places in the existing books) and even seems to have adopted from him the general plan of his work. In the first decad he follows him unhesitatingly and hence is confident as to 30000 killed VII 36, 13; ib. 37, 16 he speaks of ad quadraginta milia scutorum; IX 27, 14 ad triginta milia caesa aut capta; ib. 43, 17 triginta milibus hostium caesis; ib. 37, 11 even caesa aut capta eo die hostium milia ad sexaginta etc. Only III 5, 12 he has the modest observation: difficile ad fidem est, in tam antiqua re, quot pugnaverint ceciderintve exacto adfirmare numero; audet tamen Antias Valerius concipere summas. But in those periods where better sources were available (e. g. Polybius) Livy discovers the exaggerations of his authority and now blames with all the more bitterness of feeling, since the errors into which he had been led by Valerius could not be rectified owing to the publication of the first decad. Cf. XXVI 49, 3: scorpiones maiores minoresque ad LX captos scripserim si auctorem graecum sequar Silenum, si Valerium Antiatem, maiorum scorpionum sex milia, minorum tredecim: adeo nullus mentiendi modus est. XXX 19, 11: Valerius Antias quinque milia hostium caesa ait. quae tanta res est ut aut impudenter ficta sit (by Antias) aut neglegenter (by others) praetermissa. XXXVI 38, 6: duodetriginta milia hostium caesa Antias Valerius scribit, capta tria milia et quadringentos, signa militaria CXXIV, equos MCCXXX . . ubi ut in numero scriptori parum fidei sit, quia in augendo eo non alius intemperantior est, magnam victoriam fuisse adparet. XXXIII 10, 8: si Valerio quis credat, omnium rerum immodice numerum augenti, quadraginta milia hostium eo die sunt caesa, capta, ubi modestius mendacium est, quinque milia septingenti. XXXVIII 23, 8: Valerius Antias, qui magis (than Claudius) immodicus in numero augendo esse solet. See also XXXIX 43, 1: Valerius Antias, ut qui nec Catonis orationem legisset et fabulae tantum sine auctore editae credidisset. Whenever, therefore, Valerius is his only authority for a statement, Livy frequently adds si Valerio credamus (credas) (XXXVI 19, 12. XXXIX 41, 6. XLIV 13, 12) or mentions only his authority (XXXVIII 50, 5. XXXIX 22, 9. 56, 7), sometimes expressly reserving his doubts, e. g. XXXVII 48, 1 sqq. (Valerius Antias auctor est rumorem celebrem Romae fuisse . . . Rumoris huius quia neminem alium auctorem habeo, neque adfirmata res mea opinione sit nec pro vana praetermissa) and XLV 43, 8 (HS ducenties ex ea praeda redactum esse auctor est Antias... quod quia unde redigi potuerit non apparebat auctorem pro re posui). It must be admitted that Valerius' lies in numerical statements are quite absurd, it being quite usual with him to have 40,000 enemies and more killed in a battle (Liv. XXXIII 10, 8. 36, 13. XXXIV 15, 9. XXXVI 19, 12. Oros. IV 20). But at Tolosa he surpassed himself by giving as the number of the slain even octoginta milia Romanorum sociorumque, quadraginta milia calonum atque lixarum (Oros. V 16). The fact that exaggerations of this kind were merely his fictions, appears also from the frequent isolation of his statements; see Gell. VI (VII) 19, 8: Valerius Antias contra decretorum

memoriam contraque auctoritates veterum annalium dixit. Cf. VII 8, 6. Liv. XXXII 6, 5: Valerius Antias tradit. . XII milia hostium eo proelio caesa etc. ceteri graeci latinique auctores . . nihil memorabile actum ... tradunt. The defence attempted by Krause p. 269 sqq. and Liebaldt p. 12 sq. is a failure. See the collection of his fragments in Krause p. 269 sqq. and Roth p. 351-363; and also Liebaldt, de Valerio Antiate annalium scriptore, Naumburg 1840. 22 pp. 4. Schwegler Hist. of Rome I p. 90-92. Gerlach, Roman Historians p. 83 sq. Nissen, Critical Investigations, p. 43-46. Kieserling, de scriptoribus p. 46-49.

143. L. Cornelius Sisenna (635-687) wrote, besides other works, a history of his time in an archaic diction; but his friend C. Licinius Macer went back to the oldest time and rectified the accounts of it in various places by a diligent study of the sources, though he was too rhetorical and perhaps also too much influenced by a predilection for his Gens.

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1. Sisenna was born c. 635 (Roth, Sis. vita p. 4-10), was praetor 676 (SC. de Asclepiade in C. I. lat. I p. 110 sq.: Cos. Q. Lutatio Q. f. Catulo et M. Aemilio. . Lepido, pr. urbano et inter peregrinos L. Cornelio. . f. Sisenna, cf. Cic. Cornel. I 18 and Ascon. p. 73 Or.) and died 687 in Crete, being then Pompey's legate in the war with the Pirates (Dio XXXVI 1 Κορνήλιος Σισέννας, cf. Appian. Mithr. 95 Λούκιος Σισινvas). C. L. Roth, L. Cornelii Sisennae.. vita, Basle, 1834. 4. Vellei. II 9, 5: historiarum (0. Jahn: milesiarum) auctor iam tum (at the time of the orators Antonius and Crassus) Sisenna erat iuvenis; sed opus belli civilis (= socialis? A. Riese p. 54 sq.) Sullanique post aliquot annos ab eo seniore editum est. Cic. Brut. 64, 228: inferioris aetatis (than P. Antistius) erat proximus L. Sisenna, doctus vir et studiis optumis deditus, bene latine loquens (but 74, 259 sq.: Sisenna quasi emendator sermonis usitati cum esse vellet non . . deterreri potuit quo minus inusitatis verbis uteretur. . . ille familiaris meus recte loqui putabat esse inusitate loqui), gnarus reip., non sine facetiis, sed neque laboris multi nec satis versatus in causis (but from Brut. 260 it appears that he defended C. Rutilius, and a. 684 he pleaded in behalf of Verres, see Cic. Verr. Acc. II 45, 110. IV 20, 43 cf. ib. 15, 33; the latter he defended together with Hortensius, whose friend he was, Sen. Controv I prooem. 19 and below 144, 2); interiectusque inter duas aetates Hortensi et Sulpici nec maiorem consequi poterat et minori necesse erat cedere. huius omnis facultas ex historia ipsius perspici potest; quae cum facile omnis vincat superiores (?), tum indicat tamen quantum absit a summo quamque genus hoc scriptionis nondum sit satis latinis litteris illustratum. Leg. I 2, 7: Sisenna, eius (Macer) amicus, omnes adhuc nostros scriptores. . facile superavit. is tamen neque orator. . umquam est habitus et in historia puerile quoddam consectatur, ut unum Clitarchum neque praeterea quemquam de Graecis legisse videatur. It can scarcely be just to compare him with one of