rhetorical training and who spent the greater part of his life at Rome, far from political life, though on friendly terms with Augustus. He wrote several philosophical works of popular tendency, mostly in the shape of dialogues, a work on rhetorical training addressed to his son, in epistolary form, but especially a comprehensive account of the whole history of Rome from the foundation of the City until the death of Drusus (a. 745) in 142 books, of which, however, only 35 have come down to us, being the first decade and book XXI to XLV. The Periochae which we possess of almost all books form but an unsatisfactory substitute for the loss of the rest.

1. General literature on Livy. L. Preller in Pauly's Encycl. IV p. 1120-1128. C. J. Grysar's praef. to his edition of the part. sel. Liv. I (Vienna 1854 and 1857). W. Weissenborn's introduction to his edition with German notes, and Prolegg. (CXXXV pp.) before the second edition of his text (Teubner 1860.). M. Hertz (Prolusio, XLV pp.) before his text (1857). L. E. Kähler, de T. L. vita, ac moribus, Berlin 1851. 31 pp. 8. M. Weingärtner, de T. L. vita part. I. Berlin 1852. 55 pp. 8.

2. Hieronym. on Eus. chron. a. Abr. 1958 695 v. c.: Messala Corvinus orator nascitur et T. Livius Patavinus scriptor historieus; and of Abr. 2033 = 770 v. c.: Livius historiographus Patavi moritur. His birth at Padua is confirmed by the charge of Patavinitas (below 253, 14) and by Martial I 61, 3 (censetur Apona Livio suo tellus) and Stat. Silv. IV 7, 55 sq. (Timavi alumnum), also Plut. Caes. 47 (¿v Παταβίῳ Γάϊος Κορνήλιος, . . Λιβίου τοῦ συγγραφέως πολίτης καὶ γνώριμος).

3. Liv. IV 20, 7: hoc ego cum Augustum Caesarem (see n. 5) . . se ipsum legisse audissem. Tac. A. IV 34: T. Livius. . Cn. Pompeium tantis laudibus tulit ut Pompeianum eum Augustus appellaret; neque id amicitiae eorum offecit. Scipionem, Afranium, hunc ipsum Cassium, hunc Brutum nusquam latrones et parricidas, quae nunc vocabula imponuntur, saepe ut insignes viros nominat. Cf. Sen. nat. quaest. V 18, 4: quod de Caesare maiore volgo dictatum est et a T. Livio positum, in incerto esse utrum illum nasci magis reip. profuerit an non nasci. Suet. Claud. 41: historiam in adulescentia hortante T. Livio scribere adgressus est (Claudius, born c. 744 v. c.). G. Schwab, de Livio et Timagene hist. script. aemulis, Stuttgart 1834. 4.

4. Sen. Epist. 100, 9: nomina adhuc (as a philosophical writer) T. Livium. scripsit enim et dialogos, quos non magis philosophiae adnumerare possis quam historiae, et ex professo philosophiam continentes libros. In the sequel he is associated with Cicero and Asinius Pollio (tribus eloquentissimis). Quintil. X 1, 39: apud Livium in epistola ad filium scripta, legendos Demosthenem atque Ciceronem, tum

ita ut quisque Demostheni et Ciceroni simillimus. Cf. ib. II 5, 20 (quemadmodum Livius praecipit). Hence probably also ib. VIII 2, 18 (cum iam apud T. Livium inveniam fuisse praeceptorem aliquem qui discipulos obscurare quae dicerent iuberet), and the quotations of Seneca the Elder, controv. IX 24, 14. p. 249 cf. p. 433 sq. Bu. (on Sallust, see above 204, 7) and 25, 26 (p. 259 Bu.). Peculiar statements by Suidas v. Κορνοῦτος (Π p. 346 sq. Bnh.): δύω συγγραφές Ρωμαίων ἤστην, Τίτος Λίβιος, οὗ διαρρεῖ πολὺ καὶ κλεινὶν ὄνομα, καὶ Κορνοῦτος, the latter of whom, being childless and rich, attracted a great crowd τῶν ἀκροωμένων. ὁ χρόνος δὲ . . καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια . . τὸν μὲν ἀνέφηναν ὥσπερ κεκρυμμένον θησαυρόν, τοῦτον τὸν Λίβιον etc.

5. Livy commenced his history between a. 727 and 729, as I 19, 3 (see n. 3) he mentions Augustus, but seems unaware of the second closing of the temple of Janus by him (a. 729). The latest event which can be shown to have been mentioned by Livy is Drusus' death and burial in the winter of 745/6; it is, however, a very probable conjecture that Livy intended continuing his work down to the death of Augustus (767) and perhaps completing the number of 150 books. The single portions (decades ?) were, as it seems, separately published by the author under special titles; thus book 71-80 contained the Social War, and books 109-116 in the cod. Nazar. of the periochae bear the title of Bellum Civile. See also Suid. 1. 1. (n. 4), Pliny praef. 16 (n. 6.). The periocha libri CXXI in the cod. Naz. is headed: ex lib. CXXI, qui additus post excessum Augusti dicitur. It would seem that originally Livy had divided his work into decades and semi-decades and published it accordingly (E. Wölfflin, on the crit. of Livy, p. 30), but gradually changed this (cf. the Bellum civile book 109 sqq.). Yet this division became subsequently the rule followed in copying the work. The earliest mention of this division known to us occurs in a letter of Pope Gelasius of a. 492-496; though Victorianus' recension (n. 10) proves it to be older. See also Liv. X 31, 10: Samnitium bella, quae continua per quartum iam volumen . . agimus. VI 1, 1: quinque libris exposui.

6. Liv. XLIII 13, 2: ea pro indignis habere quae in meos annales referam. Plin. N. H. praef. 16: profiteor mirari T. Livium, auctorem celeberrimum, in historiarum suarum, quas repetit ab origine urbis, quodam volumine sic orsum. According to the Verona Palimpsest and other old mss. of Livy and the periochae, the real title is ab urbe condita libri; cf. Liv. VI 1, 1: quae ab condita urbe Roma ad captam . . Romani. gessere etc.

7. Estimation by the writer's contemporaries. Sen. Controv. X, praef. 2 (p. 290 sq. Bu.): L. Magius, gener T. Livi, cum illum homines non in ipsius honorem laudarent, sed in soceri ferrent. Plin. Epist. II 3, 8: nunquamne legisti Gaditanum quendam Titi Livi nomine gloriaque commotum ad visendum eum ab ultimo terrarum orbe venisse statimque ut viderat abisse? Cf. Hieronym. Epist. 53. In the later time

of the Imperial period Livy became the almost exclusive source, in an abridgment in which the names of the consuls were prefixed in the ablative year by year; Mommsen, on Cassiodorus p. 551 sq. See above p. 47.

8. The extant books (those of the fifth decade having several gaps) treat of Roman history from the foundation of the City until a. 461 (first decade), and from the beginning of the second Punic war (a. 536) until the triumph of Aemilius Paulus over Macedonia (a. 587). The scanty fragments of the other books may be seen in the editions, e. g. in M. Hertz, vol. IV p. 224-235. Cf. M. Hertz, de fragmentis T. Livii commentatio. Part. I and II. Breslau 1864. 4. The loss of by far the greatest part was no doubt caused by the great extent of the whole work (Martial XIV 190). Cf. van Heusde, Verslagen etc. V 4. p. 374-387.

9. Of the periocha e those of book 136 and 137 have been accidentally lost. Their author is unknown, though they are generally attributed to Florus owing to the fact of their being commonly found in the mss. of that writer's work. An edition of them by O. Jahn (rec. et emend.), Lips. 1853. Conjectures on them by C. Halm, in Fleckeisen's Jahrb. 81, p. 507-509. E. v. Leutsch, Exercitationes criticae, Göttingen 1859. 4. A contribution to b. XX in Hermes IV p. 471-476.

10. The mss. of the first decade bear various subscriptions. At the end of all books of it we read: Victorianus V. C. emendabam domnis Symmachis; together with this we find at the end of b. VI, VII and VIII: Nicomachus Flavianus V. C. III praefect. urbis emendavi apud Hennam, after b. III, IV and V: Nicomachus Dexter V. C. emendavi ad exemplum parentis mei Clementiani. It would hence seem to result that Victorianus emended the whole decade, but the two Nicomachi only several books each. O. Jahn, Reports of the Saxon Society of Letters, 1851, p. 335-338.

11. In the first decade we possess about thirty mss. The earliest of them is the palimpsest in the chapter-library at Verona, containing b. 3-6, first published by Fr. Blume in Niebuhr's Rh. Mus. II (1828) p. 336–343. Cf. A. W. Zumpt, de Livianorum librorum inscriptione et codice antiquissimo Veronensi, Berlin 1859. 39 pp. 4. Th. Mommsen, T. Livii ab u. c. libr. III-VI quae supersunt in codice rescripto Veronensi descr. et ed., Transactions of the Berlin Academy 1868. 185 pp. 4. According to Mommsen, the palimpsest is not derived from the archetype of the libri Nicomach., but shares with them one and the same original archetype. The Nicomachean recension is best represented by the (now lost) cod. Vormaciensis and its equal, the Medicean codex saec. XI (bibl. Flor. Laur. plut. LXII 19), which is now the chief foundation of our criticism. Next to this comes the Parisinus 5725 (formerly Colbert.), derived from a somewhat earlier copy of the same archetype. Both these mss. were first used by Alschefski. See

his treatise on the critical treatment of the historical work of Livy, Berlin 1839. 4. and the preface to his introduction. To this may be added the cod. Bamberg. (Heerwagen, Excerpta e cod. Bamb. ad Liv. libr. I, Baireuth 1856. 4.) and Einsiedl. saec. X (Orelli in Seebode's New Annals I. 1831. p. 396 sqq.). Related to these mss. are Helmstad. I, Harlei. I (b. 1-8), Leidens. I, Voss. I, Florent. (in the library of St. Mark's), which agrees very closely with the Veronens. sec. (saec. XIII), described by J. Schlenger in the Mayence Programm 1868. (26 pp. 4.). The other mss. of this class are of no value. A list of the mss. in Drakenborch's edition XV 1 p. 613 sqq. A critical review by Heerwagen, Munich Gel. Anz. XIX, nr. 139, p. 29-31.

The third decade has come down to us in a satisfactory text, relatively speaking, in Paris. 5730 (Puteaneus), saec. VIII (in uncial writing), which has, however, gaps at beginning and end; next to this Medic. Laur. LXIII 20 and Paris. 5731 (Colbert.), and Bamberg. (J. Meyer, Nuremberg 1847 sq. Progr.). The Spirensis, used by Rhenanus, but afterwards lost, is derived from a source different from the Put. See H. Perthes, Quaest. Liv., Bonn 1863. J. Hasenmüller, Rhein. Mus. XIX p. 314-317. H. W. Heerwagen, comm. critica de Liv. XXVI 41, 18— 44, 1. Nuremberg 1869. 20 pp. 4.

The text of the fourth decade rests on Bamberg. (which alone contains XXXIII 1-17) and the now lost Moguntinus. L. Urlichs, the Bamberg mss. of Livy, Eos I (1864) p. 84-91. W. Weissenborn, de codice Livii Moguntino, Eisenach 1865. 4. L. Kühnast (below 241, 11) III p. 22. On a (worthless) late Liegnitz ms. see H. Kraffert in Fleckeisen's Jahrb. 103 p. 69-75, and R. Peiper ibid. p. 211-216.

What we possess of the fifth decade, rests on cod. Laurishamiensis (of the Benedictine monastery at Lorsch), now Vindobonensis, saec. VI. Cf. Lambecius ap. Drakenborch XV p. 428 sqq. Kreyssig, annotationes ad Liv. XLI-XLV ex cod. Vindob. I. Meissen 1849. 4. Madvig, de Liv. libr. XLIII initio e cod. Vindob. emendando, Copenhagen 1852. 4. J. Vahlen in the Journal for Austrian Colleges 1861, p. 5-19. 249-266. 1866, p. 307–309. W. Hartel, ibid. 1866, p. 1-20.

12. Complete editions. Cf. Drakenborch XV 1. p. 628-652. Fabricius bibl. lat. I. p. 279 sqq. Schweiger, Classical Bibliography II 1. p. 524 sqq. and others. Ed. princeps Rom c. 1469 fol. cura Io. Aleriensis (without b. 33 and 41-45), supplemented (from the cod. Mogunt.) in the edition at Mayence 1519 (fol.) and further increased (from cod. Laurisham.) by S. Grynaeus (Basel 1531. fol.); finally (from cod. Bamb.) a. 1616 sq. especially by J. Horrio. Important on account of the employment of good mss. is the edition of B. Rhenanus and S. Gelenius, Basle 1535. fol. Cum scholiis C. Sigonii, Venet. 1555. fol. The first critical edition ex rec. I. Fr. Gronovii, Lugd. Bat. 1645. 1679. 3 vols. A great accumulation of materials by A. Drakenborch (cum comm. Dukeri et variorum), Amsterd. 1738-1746, 7 vols. 4.; Stuttgart reprint 1820-1828, 15 vols. 8. This edition contains also the unnecessary

supplementa librorum deperditorum by J. Freinsheim (originally printed with those of Crevier, Paris 1679). Editions of the text in the Mannheim and Bipont collection, by A. G. Ernesti (with a glossary Lips. 1769. 3 vols.; 4. by Kreyssig, Lips. 1823-1827, 5 vols.), L. Tafel (Stuttgart 1824 sq. 3 vols.) and Kreyssig (Lips. 1828. 4.). A small edition by A. F. Stroth and F. W. Döring (Lips. 1780-1784. 3 vols.; Gotha 1796-1819), G. A. Ruperti (Götting. 1807-1809, 6 vols.), I. Bekker and Raschig (Berlin 1829 sq., 3 vols.). Critical editions by C. F. S. Alschefski (ad fidem codd. em., Berlin 1841-1846, 3 vols., only as far as b. XXIII incl.; the text 4 vols., as for as b. XXX, Berl. 1843 sq.), N. Madvig and J. L. Ussing (Copenhagen 1861 sqq.). Texts with critical prefaces by W. Weissenborn (Lips. Teubner 1850 sq.; iterum recogn. 1860 sqq. 6 vols.) and M. Hertz (Lips. Tauchn. 1857-1864, 4 vols.). With (German) explanatory notes by G. Chr. Crusius (Hannover 1846 sqq.) and G. Mühlmann (Hannover 1854 sqq.), especially by W. Weissenborn (Leipzig and Berlin, ap. Weidmann 1853 sqq. 10 vols., vol. I in fourth ed.), and J. Frey (Leipzig, Teubner 1865 sqq., two parts published).

13. Editions of single books or portions. Books XXXI and XXII with notes by E. W. Fabri (Nürnberg 1837; a new edition by H. W. Heerwagen, Nürnberg 1852). Lib. XXIII et XXIV recogn. et comm. instr. E. W. Fabri, Nürnberg 1840. Lib. XXX ad codd. fidem emend. ed. C. F. S. Alschefski, Berl. 1839. Lib. XXXIII emend. ed. illustr. Fr. Göller, Frankf. 1822; denuo rec. J. G. Kreyssig. Acc. var. lect. in libris XXX-XXXVIII ex cod. Bamberg., Meissen 1837. 1839.

Emendationes

14. Contributions to the criticism of the text. Livianae by G. L. Walch (Berlin 1815), E. W. Fabri (Nürnberg 1842), E. Welz (Breslau 1844), H. A. Koch (Brandenburg 1860 sq. 4.), H. Alanus (Dublin 1864. 1867) and especially by J. N. Madvig (Copenhagen 1860. 638 pp. Cf. G. Queck, de Madv. em. Liv. libr. I-III. Sondershausen 1861. 4.). Emendatiunculae by Wesenberg in Tidskr. f. philol. IX 1. 1870.) Observationes Livianae by H. Wimmer (Dresden 1839), Ch. W. Fittbogen (Frankf. a. O. 1842), J. Freudenberg (Bonn 1854 and 1862. 4.), A. Giers (Bonn 1862), H. Wachendorf (Bonn 1864). Lectiones Livianae by A. Linsmayer (München 1864); Commentationes by Fischer (Speier 1840. 4.); Quaestiones Liv. by F. Bessler (Salzwedel 1847. 4.), H. Perthes (Bonn 1863), Quaestiunculae by F. Sartorius (Baireuth 1860. 4.). E. Wölfflin, on the criticism and style of Livy, Berlin 1864. 31 pp. 4. (especially on b. XXII); Boot in the Verslagen en mededeelingen IX, 1865 (on b. 21); M. Müller (Contributions to the criticism and explanation of Livy, Stendal. 1866. 1871. 4. Fleckeisen's Jahrb. 99 p. 339-354), and others.

252. In the historical work of Livy we meet with many shortcomings. The author has not troubled himself with laborious investigation of the sources nor visited the scenes of the