of the 15th century, owing to various conjectures. The assumption that Vitruvius was a native of Verona, rests solely on the inscription found there (Orelli 4145): L. Vitruvius L. 1. Cerdo. Only the statements of Vitruvius himself are trustworthy, especially those in the preface to b. I, which looks like a paraphrase of the beginning of Hor. Epist. II 1 in the peculiar taste of Vitruvius: cum divina tua mens et numen, imperator Caesar (Augustus), imperio potiretur orbis terrarum invictaque virtute cunctis hostibus stratis, triumpho (August 725) victoriaque tua cives gloriarentur. . populusque rom. et senatus liberatus timore amplissimis tuis cogitationibus consiliisque gubernaretur, non audebam tantis occupationibus de architectura scripta. . edere, metuens ne non apto tempore interpellans subirem tui animi offensionem (cf. Hor. S. II 1, 20. Ep. I 13, 4 sq. II 1, 220 sq.). cum vero attenderem te etc. ut civitas per te non solum provinciis esset aucta (Egypt 724, Galatia 729) verum etiam etc. non putavi praetermittendum quin. ea tibi ederem, ideo quod primum parenti tuo (Caesar) de eo fueram notus et eius virtutis studiosus. cum autem. . imperium parentis in tuam potestatem transtulisset, idem studium meum in eius memoria permanens in te contulit favorem. itaque cum M. Aurelio et P. Minidio et Gn. Cornelio ad apparationem ballistarum et scorpionum reliquorumque tormentorum refectionem fui praesto et cum eis commoda accepi. quae cum primo mihi tribuisti, recognitionem per sororis (Octavia, † 743) commendationem servasti. cum ergo eo beneficio essem obligatus ut ad exitum vitae non haberem inopiae timorem, haec tibi scribere coepi, quod animadverti multa te aedificasse et nunc aedificare. He mentions the pronaus aedis Augusti V 1, 7 (p. 107, 3 R). Reference to Caesar is made II 9, 15 sq. (59, 18 sqq. R.): divus Caesar cum exercitum habuisset circa Alpes etc. with a detailed description such as an eyewitness would give; VIII 3, 25 (p. 203, 11 sqq. R): G. Iulius, Masinissae filius, . . cum patre Caesari militavit (a. 708). is hospitio meo est usus. He always addresses Augustus as Imperator or Caesar, but knows also the title of Augustus which had been awarded to him a. 727. The mention he makes of the numerous buildings of Augustus also leads us beyond a. 727, and even beyond 738, at which time the temple of Quirinus was built at Rome, Vitruv. III 2, 7 (p. 70, 4) dipteros .. est aedis Quirini dorico. On the other hand, Vitruv. III 2, 2 speaks only of a single stone theatre at Rome, while a. 741 two more were built. Hence the work appears to have been composed about a. 740. A. Hirt, in Wolf's Mus. of the Study of Antiquities I (1806) p. 228 sq.

2. On the character of the work. Vitr. II, prooem. 5: mihi autem, Imperator, staturam non tribuit natura, faciem deformavit aetas, valetudo detraxit vires. itaque quoniam ab his praesidiis sum desertus per auxilia scientiae scriptaque, ut spero, perveniam ad commendationem. VI prooem. 4 sq.: cum et parentium cura et praeceptorum doctrinis auctas haberem copias disciplinarum philologis et philotechnis rebus commentariorumque scripturis me delectans eas possessiones animo

paravi e quibus haec est fructuum summa, nihil desiderare. ego, Caesar, non ad pecuniam parandam ex arte dedi studium. . . ideo notities parum est adsecuta, sed tamen his voluminibus editis, ut spero, etiam posteris ero notus. neque est mirandum quid ita pluribus sim ignotus. ceteri architecti rogant et ambiunt ut architectentur, mihi autem a praeceptoribus est traditum rogatum, non rogantem, oportere suscipere curam. I 1, 17: peto, Caesar, et a te et ab is qui ea volumina sunt lecturi ut si quid parum ad regulain artis grammaticae fuerit explicatum ignoscatur. namque non uti summus philosophus nec rhetor disertus nec grammaticus. ., sed ut architectus his litteris imbutus haec nisus sum scribere. But he is fond, especially in the garrulous introductions he prefixes to each book (Schneider's ed. I p. LIII— LXVII), of displaying his knowledge in philosophy and history, though frequently with small success, e. g. VI prooem. 3: non minus poetae qui antiquas comoedias graece scripserunt easdem sententias verbis in scena pronuntiaverunt, ut Eucrates, Chionides, Aristophanes, maxime etiam cum his Alexis. He declares his purpose to be brief V, prooem. 3: cum animadvertissem distentam occupationibus civitatem publicis et privatis negotiis, paucis iudicavi scribendum, uti angusto spatio vacuitatis ea legentes breviter percipere possent, and again ib. 5: cum ergo animo advertam inusitatas et obscuras multis res esse mihi scribendas, quo facilius ad sensus legentium pervenire possint, brevibus voluminibus iudicavi scribere.

3. Vitruvius himself states at great length the contents of the single books (volumina) at the beginning and close of each. The first seven books treat of architecture proper (ecclesiastical and private building). The eighth book treats of water and aqueducts, the ninth of instruments for measuring time (sun-dials), the tenth of machines, uti totum corpus omnia architecturae membra in decem voluminibus habeat explicata (X 22, 12). I 1, 3 he wants an architect to take care ut litteratus sit, peritus graphidos, eruditus geometria, historias complures noverit, philosophos diligenter audierit, musicam scierit, medicinae non sit ignarus, responsa iurisconsultorum noverit, astrologiam coelique rationes cognitas habeat. Vitruvius' principal sources were Greek writers, whom he chiefly enumerates VII prooem. 11-14 with the declaration: quorum ex commentariis quae utilia esse . . animadverti collecta in unum coegi corpus. But his knowledge of Greek is deficient, in spite of such bold formations as dvargohoyntos. He frequently does not succeed in expressing himself intelligibly; he lacks both the talent and routine of an author. His style is sometimes immoderately garrulous, sometimes unduly brief, now strangely got up and affected, now plebeian (e. g. calefaciuntur and his wrong use of the plupf.)

4. Only two of the existing mss., as Rose has pointed out, possess independent value, the Harleian (H) saec. IX and the Gudianus (G) saec. XI. Both, however, are derived from the same original, as they have the same gaps and errors, and the same transposition of leaves

VII 6. The period of the Harleian ms. is of itself sufficient to refute the opinion of C. Fr. L. Schultz (Essay on the age of . . Vitruvius, edited by O. Schultz, Leipzig 1856. 55 pp.), that the work was composed in the tenth century, if not as late as the 13th; another argument is that Pliny mentions Vitruvius among his sources in b. XVI, XXXV and XXXVI (ex Vitruvio), and that in some places it may be proved that he used the extant work; see H. Brunn, de indic. Plin. (Bonn 1856. 4.) p. 57-60. See also Serv. Aen. VI 43: Vitruvius, qui de architectonica scripsit, . . ostium dicit.

5. The abridgment (by an auctor satis antiquus, according to Rose), bears in the mss. the heading: De diversis fabricis architectonicae, and begins: De artis architectonicae peritia multa oratione Vitruvius Polio aliique auctores scientissime scripsere. verum ne longa eorum disertaque facundia humilioribus ingeniis alienum faceret studium, pauca ex his mediocri licet sermone privatis usibus ornare fuit consilium. The arrangement of Vitruvius has been kept unchanged, but the subject limited to private buildings. At the end an explanation of horologium pelecinum and hemicyclium is added from another source; even c. 30 (on maltae) is taken from some other source and of later origin. The whole composition has been edited from three mss. saec. X by Rose p. 285-313. Cf. ib. p. XII.

6. Editions of Vitruvius. See Schneider's edition I p. XI-XXVIII. Ed. princeps by Jo. Sulpicius s. 1. et a. (Rome between 1484 and 1492), fol. An arbitrary revision of the text by Jo. Jucundus, Ven. 1511. fol. Cum comm. G. Philander, Lugd. Bat. 1552. 4. Cum notis variorum ed. Io. de Laet, Amsterd. 1649. fol. (with Baldi's Lex. Vitruv.). Cum vers. ital. ed. B. Galiani, Neapel 1758. fol. Ed. illustr. A. Rode, Berlin 1800. 2 vols. 4. Rec., emend., illustr. I. G. Schneider, Lips. 1807 sq. 3 vols. Cum notis varr. ed. Stratico, Udine 1825-1830, 4 vols. 4. An edition with large collections by A. Marini, Rom 1836. 4 vols. fol. Rec. atque emend. et in germ. vertit C. Lorentzen, I 1. Gotha 1856. Ad antiquiss. codd. nunc primum ediderunt Val. Rose et Herm. MüllerStrübing, Lips. (Teubner) 1867.

7. German translations. Erstmahls verteutscht durch G. H. Rivium, Nürnberg 1548. fol.; with numerous woodcuts Basle 1614. fol. By A. Rode, Leipzig 1796. 4. 2 vols.; plates and notes, Berlin 1801. fol. Translated and explained in notes and plates by Fr. Reber, Stuttgart (Hoffmann) 1864 sq. 12.

French translations (with notes) par J. Martin (Paris 1547. fol.), Cl. Perrault (Paris 1673. 1684. fol.). With text and atlas, by Tardieu and Cousin (Paris 1839. 4.); par Maufras (Paris 1847 sqq. 2 vols.).

English translations by W. Newton (London 1771-1791. 2 vols. fol., with 47 plates), Wilkins (London 1813. 2 vols. fol.).

Italian translations by Bald. Orsini (Perugia 1802. 2 vols.), Quir. Viviani and Vinc. Tuzzi (Udine 1830).

8. On the explanation of Vitruvius see B. Baldus, de verborum Vitruv. significatione, Augsburg 1614. 4. J. Polenus, Exercitationes Vitruvianae, Padua 1739. fol. 1741. fol. H. C. Genelli, explanatory letters on Vitruv., Brunswick 1801. Berlin 1804. 4. J. Rösch, Explanations of Vitr., Stuttgart 1802. Haubold, Exercitationes Vitr., Lips. 1821. 4. C. Lorentzen, Observationes criticae ad Vitr., Gotha 1858. 4. Vitr. X 13-15 in Köchly and Rüstow's Greek military writers. I (Leipzig 1853). p. 347-405. E. H. F. Meyer, History of Botany. I. (Königsberg 1854.) p. 382-391.

9. On the modulus of Vitruvius (the unit in his statements cencerning the proportions of an ancient temple) see Aurès, nouvelle théorie du module, Nimes 1862 (the diameter of the column at its average vertical height), and against him Fr. Reber, Philologus XXVII p. 185-191 (the diameter of the lower end of the column proper).

260. Among the jurists of the Augustan age the two most important are Labeo and Capito. M. Antistius Labeo's (c. 695-765) legal knowledge was based on comprehensive culture and supported by a character of unconquerable firmness which no less than his numerous legal works contributed to maintain his name in respectful and honourable remembrance. His antipode was the monarchist C. Ateius Capito (a. 720-776), who did not come up to Labeo in scientific importance and literary activity. To the same period belong Blaesus, a pupil of Trebatius', and probably also the jurist Fabius Mela.

1. Pompon. Dig. I 2, 2, 47: post hunc (Aelius Tubero, above 205, 1) maximae auctoritatis fuerunt Ateius Capito, qui Ofilium secutus est, et Antistius Labeo, qui omnes hos (all professors of law of that period, see above 189 and 205) audivit, institutus est autem a Trebatio (above 189, 3). ex his Ateius consul fuit (a. 758 v. c. 5 A. D.), Labeo noluit, cum offerretur ei ab Augusto consulatus, quo suffectus fieret, honorem suscipere, sed plurimis studiis operam dedit et totum annum ita diviserat ut Romae sex mensibus cum studiosis esset (and consulentibus de iure publice responsitaret, Gell. XIII 10, 1), sex mensibus secederet (probably to his fundus Gallianus, see Gell. XIII 12, 4) et conscribendis libris operam daret. itaque reliquit quadringenta volumina, ex quibus plurima inter manus versantur. hi duo primum veluti diversas sectas fecerunt (see above p. 62 and p. 370 sq.); nam .. Labeo ingenii qualitate et fiducia doctrinae, qui et ceteris operis sapientiae operam dederat, plurima innovare instituit (above p. 371, n. 1). Gellius XIII 10, 1: Labeo Antistius iuris quidem civilis disciplinam principali studio exercuit, . . sed ceterarum quoque bonarum artium non expers fuit et in grammaticam sese atque dialecticam literasque

antiquiores altioresque penetraverat latinarumque vocum origines rationesque percalluerat eaque praecipue scientia ad enodandos plerosque iuris laqueos utebatur. The example given ib. 3 (soror non seorsum) proves him to have been a purist (above p. 51, 5.) Tac. A. III 75: to Capito consulatum adceleraverat Augustus, ut Labeonem Antistium, isdem artibus praecellentem, dignatione eius magistratus anteiret. namque illa aetas duo pacis decora simul tulit. sed Labeo incorrupta libertate et ob id fama celebratior, Capitonis obsequium dominantibus magis probabatur, illi quod praeturam intra stetit commendatio ex iniuria, huic quod consulatum adeptus est odium ex invidia oriebatur. Gell. XIII 12, 1 sq.: in quadam epistula Atei Capitonis scriptum legimus Labeonem Antistium legum atque morum populi rom. iurisque civilis doctum adprime fuisse. sed agitabat, inquit, hominem libertas quaedam nimia atque vecors, tamquam eorum divo Augusto iam principe et remp. obtinente ratum tamen pensumque nihil haberet nisi quod iustum sanctumque esse in romanis antiquitatibus legisset. Less servility, in spite of a greater personal claim, appears in Porphyrio on Hor. S. I 3, 82 (p. 70 H.): Marcus Antistius Labeo praetorius, iuris etiam peritus, memor libertatis in qua natus erat multa contumaciter adversus Caesarem dixisse et fecisse dicitur, propter quod Horatius nunc adulans Augusto insanum eum dicit. Cf. Acro ib. (p. 58 H.). If Horace 1. 1. (Labeone insanior inter sanos dicatur, from a. 716 or 717) actually relates to the son of his former comrade in war (above 199, 6), it should certainly not be understood of his political tendencies. On Labeo see W. Teuffel in Pauly's Encycl. I 1 p. 1163–1165, nr. 26.

2

2. Labeo's works included 400 books (see n. 1). The fragments from the Digest in Hommel, Palingenesia libr. iur. vat. (Lips. 1767) I p. 321-338; those from other authors in Huschke, iurispr. anteiust. 1 p. 43-48. p. 44-50. Gell. XIII 10, 2: sunt libri post mortem eius editi, qui Posteriores inscribuntur, quorum librorum tres continui, XXXVIII et XXXIX et XL, pleni sunt id genus (see n. 1) rerum ad enarrandam et inlustrandam linguam latinam conducentium. In other respects the work was a system of civil law, arranged according to the design of Q. Mucius (above 141, 2). An abridgment was made by Iavolenus, which was employed in the Digest, just as the eight books Probabilium (davāv) were used in the epitome of Paulus. Both these works are on the whole quoted 63 times in the Digest. Labeo libris Epistolarum (Dig. XLI 3, 30, 1); libri responsorum, at least 15 books (Collat. XII 7, 3). Gell. XIII 10, 3: in libris quos ad praetoris edictum scripsit multa posuit partim lepide atque argute reperta. sicuti hoc est quod in quarto ad edictum libro scriptum legimus etc. Dig. L 16, 19: Labeo libro primo praetoris urbani; IV 3, 9, 4: Labeo libro trigesimo praetoris peregrini. Gell. I 12, 18: in commentariis Labeonis quae ad XII tabulas composuit; cf. ib. XX 1, 13 and VI (VII), 15, 1: Labeo in libro de XII tabulis secundo. Festus v. prov. (p. 253a): Labeo de iure pontificio 1. XI; then v. penatis: Labeo Antistius, and v. proculiunt: Antistius de iure pontificali 1. IX; v. spurcum (p. 348, where