9. Sen. controv. I 1, 22: hanc partem memini apud Cestium declamari ab Alfio Flavo, ad quem audiendum me fama perduxerat; qui cum praetextatus esset tantae opinionis fuit ut populo rom. puer eloquentia notus esset. . . tanto concursu hominum audiebatur ut raro auderet post illum Cestius dicere. ipse omnia mala faciebat ingenio. suo. naturalis tamen illa vis eminebat quae post multos annos, iam et desidia obruta et carminibus (which probably means erotic poems). enervata, vigorem tamen suum tenuit. Cf. II 14, 8: Flavum Alfium, auditorem suum, qui eandem rem lascivius dixerat, obiurgavit (Cestius). Exc. contr. III 7, 3: Alfius Flavus hanc sententiam dixit: . . hunc Cestius quasi corrupte dixisset obiurgans, apparet, inquit, te poetas studiose legere: iste sensus eius est qui hoc saeculum amatoriis non artibus tantum sed sententiis implevit (of Ovid). Specimens of the declamations of Alfius are given by Sen. controv. I 1, 23. 7, 7. II 10, 3. He is probably the same as Alfius Flavus whom Pliny n. h. IX 8, 25 (ni res Maecenatis et Fabiani et Flavi Alfii multorumque esset litteris mandata), comp. ind. auct. 1. IX, quotes as his authority for an anecdote of the age of Augustus.

10. Among the other rhetoricians from whom Seneca the Elder quotes extracts and who partly belong to the period of Tiberius, those who are most frequently mentioned are Argentarius (above n. 6), P. (Nonius) Asprenas (above 262, 2), Blandus (above 261, 10), Bruttedius Brutus, (Fabius?) Buteo, Capito (Sen. contr. X praef. 12), Clodius Sabinus and Turrinus (X praef. 14 sqq.), Cornelius Hispanus, Fulvius Sparsus (an imitator of Latro, Sen. contr. X praef. 11; homo inter scholasticos sanus, inter sanos scholasticus, ib. I 7, 15), Gavius Sabinus and Silo (X praef. 14), Iulius Bassus (see above 249, 4), Licinius Nepos, Marillus (praeceptor noster, Sen. contr. VII 17, 11; above n. 2), Murredius (very slightingly treated by Seneca, see Körber p. 64 sq.), Musa (X praef. 9), Oscus (ib. 10 sq.), Pompeins Silo (sedens et facundus et litteratus est et haberetur disertus si a praelocutione dimitteret; declamat male, ib. III praef. 11; homo qui iudicio censebatur, ib. IX 25, 22; a contemporary of Porcius Latro, see ib. VII 23, 10. IX 28, 10. Extensive specimens are given suas. 7, 5 and 10 sq. contr. I 2, 20. 5, 3. 7, 13. II 9, 16 and 20 sq. IX 25, 17 sq. 29, 14 sq. X 32, 11); the delator Romanius Hispo (erat natura qui asperiorem dicendi viam sequeretur, ib. IX 26, 11 cf. VII 17, 13. Tac. A. I 74. XIV 65. Quintil. VI 3, 100), Sepullius Bassus, Triarius (compositione verborum belle cadentium multos scholasticos delectabat, Sen. contr. VII 19, 10; a contemporary of Asinius Pollio, Latro and Cestius, ib. II 11, 19. VII 19. 10. IX 29, 11; long specimens suas. 7, 6. contr. I 2, 21. II 12, 8. VII 20, 1 sq. IX 25, 20 sq. 29, 9 and 11. X 33, 4. 34, 5); Vallius Syriacus, Vibius Gallus (fuit tam magnae olim eloquentiae quam postea insaniae, a contemporary of Papirius Fabianus Sen. contr. II 9, 25 sq.; specimens ib. II 9, 9. VII 20, 3. 23, 5. IX 24, 4. 29, 2) and Vibius Rufus (erat qui antiquo genere diceret, ib. IX 25, 25. specimens ib. II 9, 2. 11, 8. 14, 10. VII 18, 4; but the one quoted by Pliny in his ind

auct. on b. XIV, XV, XIX, XXI, is called Vib. Rufinus), L. Vinicius (quo nemo civis rom. in agendis causis praesentius habuit ingenium, Sen. contr. II 13, 20; IIIvir monetalis a. 738 v. c. and in reference to this eleganter dixit divus Augustus: L. Vinicius ingenium in numerato habet, ib.; a specimen ib. 19), and his brother (ib. 19) P. Vinicius (exactissimi vir ingenii, qui nec dicere res ineptas nec ferre poterat, ib. VII 20. p. 217, 3 sqq. Bu.; summus amator Ovidii, ib. X 33, 25; a specimen ib. I 2, 3; against him see Sen. Epist. 40, 9. Consul 755 v. c.; see A. Haakh in Pauly's Encycl. VI 2. p. 2627 sq. nr. 4 and 5); Votienus Montanus (see below 271, 1).

11. A certain Popilius Lenas is mentioned as a rhetorician and the author of rhetorical works by Quintil. X 7, 32 cf. III 1, 21. XI 3, 183 (quod a Graecis sumptum P. L. posuit). He probably lived as late as Tiberius; cf. below 275, 1.

12. Porphyrio on Hor. Ep. I 5, 9: Moschus hic Pergamenus rhetor notissimus, reus veneficii fuit, cuius causam ex primis tunc oratores egerunt, Torquatus (see above 262, 2.) hic de quo nunc dicit (Horatius), cuius extat oratio, et Asinius Pollio. Cf. Sen. controv. II 13, 13: novi declamatores post Moschum Apollodoreum, qui reus veneficii fuit et a Pollione Asinio defensus, damnatus Massiliae docuit. Hence it seems that he wrote in Greek, like Artemon, Damas, Diocles, Euctemon, Glycon Spiridion, Hybreas, Nicetes, Potamon and others mentioned by Suetonius.

264. Nearly the whole of the eighth century v. c. was embraced by the life of Annaeus Seneca of Corduba, the father of Novatus, Seneca the philosopher, and of Mela, the father of Lucan. A man of genuine Roman severity and straightforwardness, of sober judgment, and in point of style an admirer of Cicero, he himself does not appear to have held a high position among the refined speakers of his time. But, besides an historical work, he composed in his later years, a survey of the themes commonly treated in the schools, 10 books of controversiae and one book of suasoriae, under the title of oratorum et rhetorum sententiae, divisiones, colores, which bears witness to his wonderful memory, and is a rich store-house for the history of rhetoric under Augustus and Tiberius. We possess this work with considerable gaps. Some of them are filled up by a still extant abridgment (Excerpta) made in the fourth or fifth century of the Christian era.

1. The praenomen in part of the mss. (especially the Bruxell.) is Lucius, which may be owing to confusion with the son, but may also be right. Since the time of Raph. Volaterranus M. has been arbitrarily as

med. The family were of equestrian rank (Tac. A. XIV 53) and welloff (Sen. ad Helv. 14, 3). Their home was Corduba, see Martial I 61, 7 sq. (duosque Senecas. . facunda loquitur Corduba). His personal character. Sen. ad Helv. matr. 17, 3 sq.: patris mei antiquus rigor. . . utinam . . pater meus, minus maiorum consuetudini deditus, voluisset te praeceptis sapientiae erudiri potius quam inbui! . . propter istas quae litteris non ad sapientiam utuntur, sed ad luxuriam instruuntur, minus te indulgere studiis passus est. This agrees with such expressions as controv. I praef. 6 (insolens Graecia) and 8 sq. (cantandi saltandique obscena studia etc.). 6, 12 (valde levis et graeca sententia). X 33, 23 (latinam linguam facultatis non minus habere, licentiae minus than the Greek).

2. The period. Controv. I praef. 11: omnes magni in eloquentia nominis excepto Cicerone videor audisse; ne Ciceronem quidem aetas mihi eripuerat, sed bellorum civilium furor, qui tunc orbem totum pervagabatur, intra coloniam meam me continuit; alioquin in illo atriolo in quo duos grandes praetextatos ait secum declamare solitos potui adesse illudque ingenium. . cognoscere et . . potui vivam vocem audire. He appears, therefore, to have been born a. 700 at the very latest. He died c. 792, see note 5. He certainly did not live when his son was exiled (a. 786); see L. Sen. ad Helv. 2, 4 sq. He twice stayed at Rome; contr. IV praef. 3: audivi illum (Asinius Pollio, a. 679-758) et viridem et postea iam senem. His accurate knowledge of the Roman rhetoricians of that period shows that his sojourn always lasted for some time. His masters (see above 263, 2 and 10) and friends (above 263, 2 and 7) lived there. At a mature age he married at Corduba Helviam, bene in antiqua et severa institutam domo, Sen. ad Helv. 16, 3; cf. ib. 2, 4: carissimum virum, ex quo mater trium liberorum eras, extulisti. The eldest of them was (comp. n. 4) Novatus (see above 263, 7), the second the philosopher L. Seneca (below 282, 1); for the third, Mela, see Tac. A. XVI 17, cf. Polyaen. VIII 62.

3. His works. L. Seneca de vita patris (III p. 436 sq. Hse): si quaecumque composuit pater meus et edi voluit iam in manus populi emisissem, ad claritatem nominis sui satis sibi ipse prospexerat; nam nisi me decipit pietas, . . inter eos haberetur qui ingenio meruerunt ut puris scriptorum titulis nobiles essent. quisquis legisset eius historias ab initio bellorum civilium. . paene usque ad mortis suae diem, magni aestimaret scire quibus natus esset parentibus ille qui res romanas (so excellently described). This historical work appears to have been inedited at that time. From this work may be taken the statement on the death of Tiberius, Suet. Tib. 73 (Seneca cum scribit, unless his son be meant), and Lactant. instit. VII 15, 14 (non inscite Seneca romanae urbis tempora distribuit in aetates). The reference in Quintil. IX 2, 98 (est a Seneca dictum eleganter, non patronorum hoc esse swearing sed testium) suits neither the existing work of the father nor any one of the son's works.

4. His extant work. Controv. I praef.: Seneca Novato, Senecae, Melae filiis salutem. (1.) Exigitis rem magis iocundam mihi quam facilem iubetis enim quid de his declamatoribus sentiam qui in aetatem meam inciderunt indicare et si qua memoriae meae nondum elapsa sunt ab illis dicta colligere. . . est, fateor, iocundum mihi redire in antiqua studia melioresque ad annos respicere etc. (2.) sed cum multa iam mihi.. senectus fecerit, oculorum aciem retuderit, aurium sensum hebetaverit, nervorum firmitatem fatigaverit, inter ea quae retuli (retinui?) memoria est. . . hanc aliquando in me floruisse, ut . . in miraculum quoque usque procederet, non nego: nam et duo milia nominum recitata quo erant ordine dicta reddebam etc. (3.). . ex parte bene spero (concerning the account desired); nam quaecumque apud illam aut puer aut iuvenis deposui quasi recentia aut modo audita sine cunctatione profert... (4.) ita ex memoria quantum vobis satis sit superest... illud necesse est impetrem, ne me quasi certum aliquem ordinem velitis sequi in contrahendis quae mihi occurrunt. (5.) necesse est me ad delicias componam memoriae meae. cumque a celeberrimis viris facunde dicta teneo, ne ad quemquam privatim pertineant, populo dedicabo (so that it would appear to have been published before his death). (13.) facile est mihi ab incunabulis nosse rem post me natam (i. e. declamatio). At the close (X praef. 1) he has the confession: sinite me ab istis iuvenilibus studiis ad senectutem meam reverti. fatebor vobis, iam res taedio est. primo libenter adsilui, velut optimam vitae meae partem mihi reducturus; deinde me iam pudet, tamquam diu non seriam rem agam. Yet he added to the controversiae; see controv. II 12, 8: quae dixerit suo loco reddam, cum ad suasorias venero. He never completed them; see suas. 6, 27: si hic desiero, scio futurum ut vos . . desinatis legere. . . ergo ut librum velitis usque ad umbilicum revolvere adiciam suasoriam proximae similem (nr. 7.).

(10.) quae

5. The work was written in Seneca's senectus (see n. 4), after the death of Sejanus (a. 784; see suas. 2, 12) and of Scaurus (a. 787); see suas. 2, 22: Tuscus ille qui Scaurum Mamercum, in quo Scaurum familia extincta est, maiestatis reum fecerat. The latest parts contain traces of events posterior to the death of Tiberius (+ March 790); see suas. 3, 7: Tiberius. . offendebatur Nicetis ingenio, also the statements on the accuser of Scaurus (suas. 2, 22), on the judicial burning of books (controv. X praef. 5 sq.), and the quotation from the work of Cremutius Cordus which was burnt under Tiberius, suas. 7, 19 sqq.

6. The controversiae are divided into ten books (libelli, II praef. 6, cf. IV praef. 1), always marked by prefaces in which one or several rhetoricians are characterized and which deserve reading both in point of form and subject. The prefaces to books 5, 6, and 8 are lost; that to b. 9 is not complete. In the single themes the writer generally observes the division according to sententiae (the opinions of the rhetoricians concerning the application of a law to a given case), divisio (distribution into single questions), and colores (disguises of a criminal

act); yet the manner of the work is free and easy, with numerous digressions. The accounts of the performances of the single rhetoricians are so much alike that they appear to be rendered merely in their general sense. There is a fair sprinkling of anecdotes and witticisms. The criticisms on individuals are sober and severe, sometimes even harsh. The author admires Cicero, see contr. I praef. 11. X praef. 6. The diction shows in the prefaces but few traces of the silver age, but more in the controversiae and suasoriae themselves.

b. I, II,

7. Only one half of the ten books of controversiae VII, IX and X, containing 35 themes has come down to us, partly with gaps, especially when the sentences of Greek rhetoricians had been alleged in the original. A lost controversia is quoted by Quint. IX 2, 42 sq. In the fourth or fifth century of the Christian era a rather awkward (Bursian p. VII sq.) abridgment was made, which embraces also the lost works and has preserved the complete prefaces to b. I, II, III, and IV. The suasoriae are in the mss. placed before the controversiae, this being the gradation of school-instruction. The mss. of the unabridged original are derived from one and the same source, which was, however, itself depraved and incomplete. The most faithful copy of this archetype is the Brussels ms. 9594 saec. IX or X (B in Bursian's ed.), next to which comes the Antwerp ms. (A). The Excerpts exist in many mss., the oldest and best of which is at Montpellier (Montepessulanus) saec. X (M in Bursian's ed.). The epitomator had before him a copy different from the original of our mss. See Bursian's praef. p. IX-XX. The work was employed in the Gesta Romanorum, L. Friedländer in the Ind. lect. of Königsberg, 1871 sq., p. IV sq.

8. In the earliest editions (e. g. Venet. 1490. 1492 fol. Basle 1515. 1529 fol. and 1539. 1557 fol., by Erasmus), the father's work is mixed up with the works of his son; it was not separated before the editions of Nic. Faber (Paris 1587. 1598 fol.), and Andr. Schott (Paris 1607. 1613. fol.); by J. Fr. Gronovius (Lugd. Bat. 1649) and cum notis variorum ex rec. Gronov., Amsterdam 1672. A text in the Bipont edition, 1783. The first critical edition, rec. et emend. Conr. Bursian, Lips. 1857. Recogn. A. Kiessling, Lips. (Teubner). 1872. Critical contributions by H. Höfig (de Sen. rhet. quattuor codd. mss. Schottianis, Görlitz 1858. 4.), J. Vahlen (Rhein. Mus. XIII p. 546-564), A. Kiessling (ib. XVI p. 50-61 and in his Contributions to the criticism of Latin prose-writers, Basle and Geneva 1864, p. 32-47, and in the Program of the Hamburg Johanneum, 1871). Herm. Müller (Rhein. Mus. XXI p. 405-428. Berlin. Ztschr. f. Gymn. 1868, p. 81-93. 715 sq. Cf. 490 sq.), Cl. Konitzer (ibid. p. 966-970; Quaest. in Sen. patrem criticae, Breslau 1864, and Contributions to the criticism of the rhetorician Seneca Breslau 1866. 4.), R. Wachsmuth (Quaest. crit. in Sen. rh., Posen 1867. 4.), O. Rebling (Observatt. critt. in S. patrem, Götting. 1868), M. Haupt (Hermes III p. 344 sq.), C. Bursian (Spicilegium crit. in Sen. libris suas, et contr., Zürich 1869. 4.).