A first course in ion permeable membranes

amine anion anion and cation anode anolyte applications aqueous domains aqueous solutions back migration bipolar membrane brine carboxylate polymer cathode catholyte cation exchange membrane cation permeable membrane cell voltage charge Chem chemical chemistry chlor-alkali chlor-alkali industry chloride co-ions commercial membranes concentration conductivity counter ions crosslinking current density current efficiency depleting determined diffusion coefficient dilute divinylbenzene electrical Electrochem electrodialysis stack electrolytic cells Electrosynthesis equation equivalent weight example Figure fixed ionic groups fluorocarbon flux gradient H.L. Yeager Hence hydration increase interface ion exchange capacity ion exchange polymer ion permeable membranes Ionomer layer manufacture membrane pairs membrane polymer Membrane Sci membrane surface metal mole molecules monomers NaCl Nafion NaOH Neosepta oxidation perfluorinated membranes perfluorinated polymers perfluorinated sulfonate polymerisation pretreatment properties proton resistance salt splitting sodium hydroxide sodium sulfate species stability stream structure styrene/divinylbenzene copolymers sulfonate sulfonate polymer sulfuric acid temperature transport number water content