vel respectu, or capite diminutus, lessened in his state, or degraded from the rank of a citizen, Horat. Od. iii. 5. 42. The loss of liberty, which included the loss of the city, and of one's family, was called diminutio capitis maxima; banishment, diminutio media; any change of family, minima, Digest. ii. de capite minutis.

JUS LATII.

THE JUS LATII or LATINITAS, Suet. Aug. 47. Cici Att. xiv. 12. was next to the jus civitatis.

Latium anciently (Latium Vetus) was bounded by the rivers Tiber, Anio, Ufens, and the Tuscan sea. It contained the Albans, Rutuli, and Æqui. It was afterwards extended (Latium Novum) to the river Liris, and comprehended the Osci, Ausõnes, and Volsci, Plin. iii. 9. The inhabitants of Latium were called LATINI SOCII, NOMEN LAtinum, et SOCII LATINI NOMINIS, &c. Socii et Latinum nomen, means the Italians and Latins.

The JUS LATII was inferior to the jus civitatis, and superior to the jus Italicum. But the precise difference is not

ascertained.

The Latins used their own laws, and were not subject to the edicts of the Roman prætor. They were permitted to adopt some of the Roman laws, if they chose it, and then they were called POPULI FUNDI, Cic. pro Balb. 8. If any state did not chuse it, it was said EI LEGI, v. de ea lege FUNDUS FIERI NOLLE, i. e. auctor, subscriptor esse, v. eam probare et recipere, ib.

The Latins were not inrolled at Rome, but in their own cities, Liv. xli. 9. They might be called to Rome to give their votes about any thing, Liv. xxv. 3. But then they were not included in a certain tribe, and used to cast lots to know in what tribe they should vote, ibid. and when the consuls chose, they ordered them by a decree of the senate to leave the city, Cic. Brut. 26. which however rarely happened, Cic. pro Sextio, 15.

Such Latins as had borne a civil office in their own state, became citizens of Rome, Appian. de Bell. Civ. ii. p. 443. but could not enjoy honours before the lex Julia was made, Liv. viii. 4. xxiii. 22. by which law the right of voting and of en

joying honours was granted to those who had continued faithful to Rome in the Social war, A. U. 663; which the Latins had done. The distinction, however, betwixt the jus Latii and the jus civitatis, and the same mode of acquiring the full right of citizenship, (per Latium in civitatem veniendi,) was still retained, Plin. Paneg. 37. & 39. Strab. iv. p. 186. f.

The Latins at first were not allowed the use of arms for their own defence, without the order of the people, Liv. ii. 30. iii. 19. but afterwards they served as allies in the Roman army, and indeed constituted the principal part of its strength. They sometimes furnished two thirds of the cavalry, and also of the infantry, Liv. iii. 22. xxi. 17. et alibi passim. But they were not embodied in the legions, and were treated with more severity than Roman citizens, being punished with stripes, from which citizens were exempted by the Portian law, Sallust. Jug. 69.

The Latins had certain sacred rites in common with Roman citizens; as the sacred rites of Diana at Rome, (instituted by Servius Tullius, Liv. i. 45. in imitation of the Amphictyones at Delphi, and of the Grecian states in Asia in the temple of Diana at Ephesus, Dionys. iv. 26.) and the Latin holy days kept with great solemnity on the Alban mountain; first for one day, the 27th April, and afterwards for several days. The Romans always presided at the sacrifices, Liv. xxi. c. ult. xx. 1. Dionys. iv. 49. Besides these, the Latins had certain sacred rites, and deities peculiar to themselves, which they worshipped; as Feronia at Terracina, Jupiter at Lanuvium, Liv. xxxii. 9.

They had also solemn assemblies in the grove of Ferentina, Liv. i. 50. which appear in antient times to have been employed for political as well as religious purposes. From this convention all those were excluded who did not enjoy he ius Latii.

JUS ITALICUM.

ALL the country between the Tuscan and Hadriatic seas, to the rivers Rubicon and Macra, except Latium, was called Italy. The states of Italy being subdued by the Romans in different wars, were received into alliance on different conditions. In many respects they were in the same state

with the Latins. They enjoyed their own laws and magistrates, and were not subject to the Roman Prætor. They were taxed (censi) in their own cities, and furnished a certain number of soldiers according to treaty. But they had no access to the freedom of Rome, and no participation of sacred rites.

After the second Punic war, several of the Italian states, for having revolted to Hannibal, were reduced to a harder condition by the Dictator Sulpicius Galba, A. U. 550; especially the Brutti, Picentini, and Lucani, who were no longer treated as allies, and did not furnish soldiers, but public slaves, A. Gell. x. 3. Capua, which a little before had been taken, lost its public buildings and territory, Liv. xxvi. 16. But after a long and violent struggle in the Social, or Marsic war, all the Italians obtained the right of voting and of enjoying honours by the Julian, and other laws. Sulla abridged these privileges to those who had favoured the opposite party; but this was of short continuance, Cic. pro Domo, 30. Augustus made various changes. He ordered the votes of the Italians to be taken at home, and sent to Rome at the day of the comitia, Suet. Aug. 46. He also granted them an exemption from furnishing soldiers, Herodian. ii. 11.

The distinction of the jus Lati and Italicum, however, still continued, and these rights were granted to various cities and states out of Italy, Plin. iii. 3. 4. In consequence of which, farms in those places were said to be IN SOLO ITALICO, as well as those in Italy, and were called PRÆDIA CENSUI CENSENDO, (quod in censum referri poterant, utpote res mancipi, qua venire emique poterant jure civili,) Cic. pro. Flacc. 32. and said to be in corpore census, i. e. to constitute part that estate, according to the valuation of which in the censor's books every one paid taxes, Juvenal. xvi. 53. Dio. 38. 1.

of

PROVINCES.

THOSE countries were called Provinces, which the Roman people having conquered by arms, or reduced any other way under their power, subjected to be governed by magistrates sent from Rome, (quod eas provicit, i. e. ante vicit, Festus.) The senate having received letters concerning the reduction of any country, consulted what laws they thought proper should be prescribed to the conquered, and sent com

monly

monly ten ambassadors, with whose concurrence the general, who had gained the conquest, night settle every thing, Liv. xlv. 17, & 18.

These laws were called the FORM or formula of the province. Whatever the general, with the advice of the ten ambassadors determined, used to be pronounced publicly by him before an assembly, after silence was made by a herald, Liv. xlv. 29. Cic. in Verr. ii. 13. Hence, In formulam sociorum referri, to be enrolled among, Liv. xliv. 16. Urbem formula sui juris facere, to hold in dependence or subjection, xxxviii. 9. In antiqui formulam juris restitui, to be brought into their former state of dependance on, &c. xxxii. 33. So xxiv. 26.

The first country which the Romans reduced into the form of a province, was Sicily, Cic Verr. ii. 1.

The condition of all the provinces was not the same, nor of all the cities in the same province, but different according to their merits towards the Roman people; as they had either spontaneously surrendered, or made a long and obstinate resistance. Some were allowed the use of their own laws, and to chuse their own magistrates; others were not, Some also were deprived of part of their territory.

Into each province was sent a Roman governor, (PRÆSES,) Ovid Pont. iv. 7. 3. to command the troops in it, and to administer justice; together with a quæstor, to take care of the public money and taxes, and to keep an account of what was received and expended in the province. The provinces were grievously oppressed with taxes. The Romans imposed on the vanquished, either an annual tribute, which was called CENSUS CAPITIS, or deprived them of part of their grounds; and either sent planters thither from the city, or restored them to the vanquished, on condition that they should give a certain part of the produce to the republic, which was called CENSUS SOLI, Cic. in Verr. iii. 6. v. 5. The former, i. e. those who paid their taxes in money, were called STIPENDIARII, or Tributarii, as Gallia comata, Suet. Jul. 15. The latter, VECTIGALES; who are thought to have been in a better condition than the former. But these words are sometimes confounded.

The sum which the Romans annually received from the stipendiary states was always the same; but the revenues of the vectigales depended on the uncertain produce of the tithes, of the taxes on the public pastures, (scriptura), and on goods imported and exported, (portorium). Sometimes instead of

the

the tenth part, if the province was less fertile, the twentieth only was exacted, as from the Spaniards, Liv. xliii. 2 Sometimes in cases of necessity an additional tenth part was exacted above what was due; but then money was paid for it to the husbandmen, Cic. Verr. iii. 31. Whence it was called frumentum emptum, also decumanum, or imperatum, Liv. xxxvi. 2. xxxvii. 2, & 50. xlii, 31.

Asconius in his commentary on Cicero, Verr. ii. 2. mentions three kinds of payment made by the provincials; the regular or usual tax, a voluntary contribution or benevolence, and an extraordinary exaction or demand: (Omne genus pensitationis in hoc capite positum est, CANONIS, quod deberetur: OBLATIONIS, quod opus esset; et INDICTIONIS, quod imperaretur.) In which sense Indictio is used by Pliny, Paneg. 29.

Under the Emperors a rule was made out, called CANON FRUMENTARIUS, in which was comprised what corn each province ought yearly to furnish. The corn thus received was laid up in public granaries, both at Rome, and in the provinces, whence it was given out, by those who had the care of provisions, to the people and soldiers.

Under the Emperors, besides a certain sum paid for the public pastures, the people of the provinces were obliged to furnish a certain number of cattle from their flock, l'opisc. in Prob. 15. And besides the tax paid at the port, as in Sicily, Cic. Verr. ii. 72. in Asia, Cic. Agrar. ii. 29. in Britain, Tacit. vit. Agric. 31. they also paid a tax for journeys, Suet. Vitell. 14. especially for carrying a corpse, which could not be transported from one place to another without the permission of the High Priest or of the Emperor. But this tax was abolished.

There was also a tax on iron, silver, and gold mines, as in Spain, Liv. xxxiv. 21. on marble in Africa, on various mines in Macedonia, Illyricum, Thrace, Britain, and Sardinia; and also on salt-pits, as in Macedonia, Lv. xlv. 29.

MUNICIPIA, COLONIÆ, ET PRÆFECTURÆ.

MUNICIPIA were foreign towns which obtained the right

of Roman citizens. Of these there were different kinds. Some possessed all the rights of Roman citizens, except such