accensi, cornicines, tubicinesque, in tres centurias distributi. Vndecim milibus haec classis censebatur. Hoc 8 minor census reliquam multitudinem habuit; inde una centuria facta est, immunis militia.

Ita pedestri exercitu ornato distributoque equitum ex primoribus civitatis duodecim scripsit centurias. Sex 9 item alias centurias, tribus ab Romulo institutis, sub isdem quibus inauguratae erant nominibus fecit. Ad equos emendos dena milia aeris ex publico data, et quibus équos alerent, viduae attributae, quae bina milia

confusion is probably Livy's own, who, writing so long after, may easily have counted the unclassed citizens as one century, which in respect to the army they were not. -accensi: originally enrolled in addition, but later used as a name for attendants on magistrates. Here, if the theory given above is adopted, it must be taken in its original sense, but as a noun. — cornicines: 'players on the horn', originally literally so; later a bronze instrument of a crooked shape was used, the proper trumpet of the cavalry. tubicines players on the (straight) trumpet, the proper instrument of - tres: to make this number correct, we must suppose some such mistake as above suggested, making three extra centuries of orderlies and musicians.

the foot.

i.e.

8. milibus: ablative of price. hoc ie. than the eleven thousand. census: a short-hand form for the roll of those having such an amount of property. - inde: ex eis. — immunis: only those who had a stake in the country were supposed to make good soldiers or to be fit to vote.- militia: ablative of separation. The more regular construction would be genitive. ornato: loosely used, not

of actual but of regulated equipment. primoribus, leading men; apparently chosen arbitrarily, though they would naturally be from the first class.duodecim: apparently Servius, wishing to increase the cavalry as well as the votes of the better class, with true Roman conservatism, did not disturb the old equites, as they had been originally instituted from noble families, but merely doubled their number, and enrolled twelve other centuries not necessarily from the nobles.

9. sex alias, etc.: these were, no doubt, the original equites, which Servius did not venture to disturb. They were always distinguished afterwards as the sex suffragia. tribus, etc.: ablative absolute. isdem the names had a religious character and could not be disturbed. The centuries were called priores, posteriores, with the original designation; cf. 36. 8.- nominibus: see 13. 8.. dena milia: the aes equestre, whence the knights were called equites equo publico. ex publico: i.e. from the treasury. - quibus: loosely construed with bina milia. - viduae: unmarried women of fortune, who thus paid their share of the common burdens. bina milia: the aes hor

ΙΟ

aeris in annos singulos penderent. Haec omnia in dites. a pauperibus inclinata onera.

Deinde est honos additus: non enim, ut ab Romulo traditum ceteri servaverant reges, viritim suffragium eadem vi eodemque iure promisce omnibus datum est, sed gradus facti, ut neque exclusus quisquam suffragio videretur et vis omnis penes primores civitatis esset. II Equites enim vocabantur primi, octoginta inde primae classis centuriae primum peditum vocabantur; ibi si variaret, quod raro incidebat, ut secundae classis vocarentur, nec fere umquam infra ita descenderent ut ad 12 infimos pervenirent. Nec mirari oportet hunc ordinem, qui nunc est post expletas quinque et triginta tribus, duplicato earum numero centuriis iuniorum seniorumque,

dearium.haec omnia: all the arrangements of the constitution in regard to military service, which bore harder on the rich, from the expense of arms and horses, etc.

10. honos: i.e. a compensating privilege. - viritim: i.e. each man having a separate vote. — gradus facti: this was done by giving each century one vote, though the numbers of the centuries differed enormously.-vis omnis, etc. : eighteen centuries of equites and eighty of the first class at once made a majority if they agreed.

II. primum: genitive plural with peditum, consisting of the best class of the foot, i.e. the richest. — ibi: i.e. in eis; cf. ubi, 38. 4. — variaret: see Gr. 518. c. ut vocarentur: the construction is distorted by incidebat, as if the whole depended on a verb of happening instead of being independent, as in vocabantur. - descenderent: the people in voting.

SC.

12. nec mirari, etc.: Livy here evidently refers to the different state

of things in his time in regard to the relative power of the classes of people. At some time in the third century B.C., the constitution was so changed that the first class lost its power of voting first, and at the same time the number of centuries was so altered (probably by in crease) that the higher classes no longer constituted a majority, as they had under the Servian constitution. The precise nature of the change is unknown, but the organization of the centuries was approximated to that of the local tribes, whereas under the Servian constitution the centuries were independ ent of the tribes. - mirari: sc. quemquam. — ordinem, organization, but referring particularly to the number (cf. summam below) and the consequent change in the tendency of the constitution. - expletas: the number of tribes was gradually increased from four to thirty-five. duplicato: just how this is to be taken is uncertain. If we look at the text alone, it

ad institutam ab Servio Tullio summam non convenire. Quadrifariam enim urbe divisa regionibus collibusque 13 qui habitabantur, partes eas tribus appellavit, ut ego arbitror a tributo-nam eius quoque aequaliter ex censu conferendi ab eodem inita ratio est; neque eae tribus ad centuriarum distributionem numerumque quicquam pertinuere.

Censu perfecto, quem maturaverat metu legis de in- 44 censis latae cum vinculorum minis mortisque, edixit ut omnes cives Romani, equites peditesque, in suis quisque centuriis in campo Martio prima luce adessent. Ibi 2 instructum exercitum omnem suovetaurilibus lustravit, idque conditum lustrum appellatum, quia is cen

would indicate a doubling of the number of tribes, which of course cannot be true in any literal sense. Perhaps Livy means that, as a basis for the centurial system, their number was practically doubled by the division of each into seniores and iuniores. This would give 35 X 2 = 70 centuries in each of the five classes, or in all 350 centuries of infantry, making with the equites, etc., a total of 373. But our information is too scanty to afford a certain solution of the question. summam: sc. centuriarum.

13. regionibus collibusque : ablative of respect. The names were Suburana, Palatina, Esquilina, Collina. Livy's words seem intended to describe these, one of which was named from a locality, two from particular hills, and one from collis.- tribus: these were now no longer races, but local divisions. tributo as usual with ancient etymologies, this is wrong end to; tribuo must come from tribus. - eius: i.e. the tributum; not any regular tax, but the occasional demands of the government in emergencies.

3

sendo finis factus est. Milia octoginta eo lustro civium censa dicuntur. Adicit scriptorum antiquissimus Fabius Pictor, eorum qui arma ferre possent eum numerum fuisse.

Ad eam multitudinem urbs quoque amplificanda visa est. Addit duos colles, Quirinalem Viminalemque; inde deinceps auget Esquilias, ibique ipse, ut loco dignitas fieret, habitat. Aggere et fossis et muro circumdat

4 urbem; ita pomerium profert. Pomerium verbi vim

hence later closed, when the final act was used for the intervening period. censendo, the enrollment, referring to the whole process by which every five years the censors 'numbered the people,' and assigned the rank of individuals according to property.- lustro : this word, meaning only the final act of purification, was used of the whole process of numbering. adicit: of course a different account from that just given, but as Fabius' view exaggerates the number, Livy may properly say adds. This view would make the number about five times as great.

3. ad, in accordance with; a characteristic loose use of the preposition. -urbs quoque as the population had been. - addit: sc. Servius. duos colles, etc.: increasing the city towards the north, on the other side of the Forum. The two hills are two projecting ridges of the high plateau of the Esquiline. - Quirinalem: this can hardly be true, for on this hill are some of the very oldest monuments of the city, and it is said by other authorities to have been the abode of the Sabines from the time of Romulus. - inde, then, of time; deinceps, next, of succession. auget Esquilias: by increasing the population, as it was no doubt inhabited before. The

derivation of the word (ex-colo) seems to imply that the hill was a suburb which Servius now adds to

the city proper. habitat: cf. 41.

4. aggere, etc.: these fortifications have been traced for almost their entire length. The most prominent part of them is the great embankment, some portions of which still exist, on the east side, where the city is most exposed. It was a bank 21 feet high, faced with stone, originally surrounded by a ditch, as was probably the rest of the fortification. The wall of Tarquinius Priscus (36. I, 38. 6) was either not finished or not large enough.

- ita: in reference to the increase of the interior implied in circumdat urbem. pomerium: originally a space left vacant inside (and so behind) the walls to facilitate defensive operations. After cities began to develop suburbs, the same usage would continue in regard to the outside, and this part of the space came, from religious considerations, to be the most important part. Hence the necessity of Livy's explanation. Cf. Gellius XIII. 14, pomerium est locus intra agrum effatum per totius urbis circuitum pone muros regionibus certis determinatus, qui facit finem urbani auspicii. In later times the limit of this space was held sacred, and only such

solam intuentes postmoerium interpretantur esse; est autem magis circamoerium, locus quem in condendis urbibus quondam Etrusci, qua murum ducturi erant, certis circa terminis inaugurato consecrabant, ut neque interiore parte aedificia moenibus continuarentur, quae nunc vulgo etiam coniungunt, et extrinsecus puri aliquid ab humano cultu pateret soli. Hoc spatium, quod 5 neque habitari neque arari fas erat, non magis quod post murum esset quam quod murus post id, pomerium Romani appellarunt, et in urbis incremento semper, quantum moenia processura erant, tantum termini hi consecrati proferebantur.

Aucta civitate magnitudine urbis, formatis omnibus 45 domi et ad belli et ad pacis usus, ne semper armis opes acquirerentur, consilio augere imperium conatus est, simul et aliquod addere urbi decus. Iam tum erat in- 2 clitum Dianae Ephesiae fanum. Id communiter a civitatibus Asiae factum fama ferebat. Eum consensum deosque consociatos laudare mire Servius inter proceres

rulers as had increased the bounds of the empire could enlarge it.

4. vim solam, merely the literal meaning. postmoerium: i.e. post moeros, old form of muros. — locus quem: instead of the regular quem locum (Gr. 307. e), because locus expresses not a mere reference, but an explanatory appositive idea: 'that is to say, a space, etc. moenibus: dative; a poetic construction; cf. Gr. 368. continuarentur, should be extended to, border upon; coniungunt, attach to; a closer contact than the other, hence etiam. puri: not merely free from, but uncontaminated by. -- ab: an chaic construction instead of the simple ablative.

a.

ar