que supplicium, conspectius eo quod poenae capiendae ministerium patri de liberis consulatus imposuit, et qui spectator erat amovendus, eum ipsum fortuna exactorem supplicii dedit. Stabant deligati ad palum nobilissimi 6 iuvenes. Sed a ceteris, velut ab ignotis capitibus, consulis liberi omnium in se averterant oculos, miserebatque non poenae magis homines quam sceleris, quo poenam 7 meriti essent: illos eo potissimum anno patriam liberatam, patrem liberatorem, consulatum ortum ex domo Iunia, patres, plebem, quidquid deorum hominumque Romanorum esset, induxisse in animum ut superbo 8 quondam regi, tum infesto exsuli proderent. Consules in sedem processere suam, missique lictores ad sumendum supplicium. Nudatos virgis caedunt securique feriunt, cum inter omne tempus pater vultusque et os eius spectaculo esset, eminente animo patrio inter publi9 cae poenae ministerium. Secundum poenam nocentium, ut in utramque partem arcendis sceleribus exemplum nobile esset, praemium indici pecunia ex aerario, libertas 10 et civitas data. Ille primum dicitur vindicta liberatus.

very general statement; cf. nihil used instead of nemo, quid instead of quis, etc.

8. sedem: the raised platform or tribunal. - eminente, showing itself.

9. utramque: i.e. both in punishment of offenders and reward of informers, each of which would tend to prevent (arcendis) crime.

10. primum: one would expect primus according to the Latin idiom, but Livy is perhaps thinking of the first time,' the occasion rather than the person. - dicitur: naturally this could not be true, and even Livy does not believe it. -vindicta: the rod with which a formal

Quidam vindictae quoque nomen tractum ab illo putant; Vindicio ipsi nomen fuisse. Post illum observatum ut qui ita liberati essent in civitatem accepti viderentur.

His sicut acta erant nuntiatis incensus Tarquinius 6 non dolore solum tantae ad inritum cadentis spei, sed etiam odio iraque, postquam dolo viam obsaeptam vidit, bellum aperte moliendum ratus circumire supplex Etruriae urbes, orare maxime Veientes Tarquiniensesque, ne 2 se ortum, eiusdem sanguinis, extorrem egentem ex tanto modo regno cum liberis adulescentibus ante oculos suos perire sinerent. Alios peregre in regnum Romam accitos; se regem, augentem bello Romanum imperium, a proximis scelerata coniuratione pulsum. Eos inter se, 3 quia nemo unus satis dignus regno visus sit, partes regni rapuisse, bona sua diripienda populo dedisse, ne quis expers sceleris esset. Patriam se regnumque suum repetere et persequi ingratos cives velle. Ferrent opem,

claimant of a person alleged to be free, but claimed by some one as a slave, asserted his (formal) right in the process for freedom.- Vindicio: this etymology is, of course, impossible, though the whole family of words is a puzzle to etymologists. The word vindicius comes from vindex, the name for a claimant in such a case, whence also comes vindico (-are), the word for the action; vindicta may be a noun of agency like nauta. The words all point to vim dicere; but as the first part is a case, and not a stem, the combination could not regularly yield vindex nor its derivative vindico. The only way of explaining the anomaly is to suppose a form vindex irregularly made in imitation of iudex, index; for as iudex is to ius dicere, so is vindex to vim dicere. -ita: i.e. by the process of vindi

catio, as distinguished from other forms of manumission.

WAR WITH THE TARQUINS. 6. sicut, etc.: i.e. with all their details. ad inritum (in-ratum), to naught. dolo: dative.

2. se ortum: referring to Tarquinienses (cf. I. 34. 1); eiusdem sanguinis: apparently referring to Veientes, in the common chiastic order. extorrem, an exile; for derivation, cf. concors, and see Gr. 265. a. ex... regno: cf. ex bello tam tristi, I. 13. 6. adulescentibus: i.e. not mere children, but alios: young men of promise. · used of Numa by a rhetorical exaggeration familiar even in colloquial language. augentem: it heightens the picture that he was driven out just at that moment.

3. eos: sc. proximos.· - expers: cf. extorrem above. - ferrent: see

adiuvarent; suas quoque veteres iniurias ultum irent, 4 totiens caesas legiones, agrum ademptum. Haec moverunt Veientes, ac pro se quisque Romano saltem duce ignominias demendas belloque amissa repetenda minaciter fremunt. Tarquinienses nomen ac cognatio movet: 5 pulchrum videbatur suos Romae regnare. Ita duo duarum civitatium exercitus ad repetendum regnum belloque persequendos Romanos secuti Tarquinium. Postquam in agrum Romanum ventum est, obviam hosti consules 6 eunt. Valerius quadrato agmine peditem ducit; Brutus ad explorandum cum equitatu antecessit. Eodem modo

primus eques hostium agminis fuit, praeerat Arruns Tarquinius, filius regis; rex ipse cum legionibus sequebatur. 7 Arruns ubi ex lictoribus procul consulem esse, deinde iam propius ac certius facie quoque Brutum cognovit, inflammatus ira 'Ille est vir' inquit, 'qui nos extorres expulit patria. Ipse en ille nostris decoratus insignibus 8 magnifice incedit. Di regum ultores adeste.' Concitat calcaribus equum atque in ipsum infestus consulem deri git. Sensit in se iri Brutus.

Gr. 588.
suas: see Gr. 300. I.
caesas, etc.: in apposition with
iniurias; cf. Gr. 497, so often cited
already.

4. haec i.e. what is said about their iniuriae. Notice the emphasis: It was this last that influenced the Veientes .; the people of Tarquinii, on the other hand,' etc.

- pro se quisque: this common expression makes a statement more vivid by referring the act to individuals; each one was moved to cry out.' Romano saltem duce: i.e. the opportunity should not be lost, however they might keep quiet at other times, for fear of failure.

nomen, etc.: i.e. the people of

Decorum erat tum ipsis

5. ita: i.e. from these two motives.

6. quadrato agmine: i.e. not in ordinary marching-order, but so as to have the troops in battle array on every side, something like a hollow square; see A. & G.'s Cæsar, B. G., Notes, pp. 99, 100.

7. consulem: i.e. he recognized the office at a distance. - facie quoque i.e. now he recognized the person. -ipse: the emphasis makes prominent the idea that Brutus' motives were personal, and not patriotic.

capessere pugnam ducibus, avide itaque se certamini offert: adeoque infestis animis concurrerunt, neuter, 9 dum hostem vulneraret, sui protegendi corporis memor, ut contrario ictu per parmam uterque transfixus, duabus haerentes hastis moribundi ex equis lapsi sint. Simul et 10 cetera equestris pugna coepit, neque ita multo post et pedites superveniunt. Ibi varia victoria et velut aequo Marte pugnatum est: dextera utrimque cornua vicere, laeva superata. Veientes, vinci ab Romano milite adsueti, fusi fugatique; Tarquiniensis, novus hostis, non stetit solum, sed etiam ab sua parte Romanum pepulit.

Ita cum pugnatum esset, tantus terror Tarquinium 7 atque Etruscos incessit ut omissa inrita re nocte ambo exercitus, Veiens Tarquiniensisque, suas quisque abirent domos. Adiciunt miracula huic pugnae: silentio pro- 2 ximae noctis ex silva Arsia ingentem editam vocem; Silvani vocem eam creditam; haec dicta: uno plus Tuscorum cecidisse in acie; vincere bello Romanum. Ita certe inde abiere Romani ut victores, Etrusci pro 3 victis. Nam postquam inluxit nec quisquam hostium in

8. tum: as opposed to later times, when personal combat between leaders was unknown.

9. vulneraret: see Gr. 528. protegendi, etc.: i.e. they used no defensive tactics, though of course each had a shield for defence. contrario, of his adversary.

IO. cetera: i.e. of the rest of the force. ita multo post, so very long after.-varia, alternate; i.e. partial on each side; first one party conquering, and then the other, on the different wings. aequo Marte: in reference to the general result, which was undecided, though not in the ordinary sense where both parties maintain the contest; hence velut.

conspectu erat, P. Valerius consul spolia legit, trium4 phansque inde Romam rediit. Collegae funus quanto tum potuit apparatu fecit; sed multo maius morti decus publica fuit maestitia, eo ante omnia insignis, quia || matronae annum ut parentem eum luxerunt, quod tam acer ultor violatae pudicitiae fuisset.

5 Consuli deinde qui superfuerat, ut sunt mutabiles vulgi animi, ex favore non invidia modo sed suspicio 6 etiam cum atroci crimine orta. Regnum eum adfectare fama ferebat, quia nec collegam subrogaverat in locum Bruti et aedificabat in summa Velia: ibi alto atque 7 munito loco arcem inexpugnabilem fore. Haec dicta vulgo creditaque cum indignitate angerent consulis animum, vocato ad concilium populo summissis fascibus in contionem escendit. Gratum id multitudini spectaculum fuit, summissa sibi esse imperii insignia, confessionemque factam populi quam consulis maiestatem vimque 8 maiorem esse. Ibi audire iussis consul laudare fortunam collegae, quod liberata patria in summo honore pro re publica dimicans matura gloria necdum se vertente in invidiam mortem occubuisset. Se superstitem gloriae suae ad crimen atque invidiam superesse, ex liberatore 9 patriae ad Aquilios se Vitelliosque recidisse. 'Num

tress in the Middle Ages, to hold control over the city. fore: see note on nimium, 2. 3.

7. indignitate, the outrage; properly, the 'undeservedness' of the accusation. in contionem escendit: a shorthand expression for ascending to some place, not specified, to address the citizens.

8. audire iussis: i.e. the herald 'called them to order.' - necdum, and (yet) not yet, as had his own; 'fully complete, but yet not yet turned the other way.'—Aquilios,