were left to further his designs in the city. Cicero, on the day following, in the forum, informed the senators in his second oration of the flight of Catiline. A second decree was now passed, declaring Catiline an enemy to the republic, intrusting the safety of the city to Cicero, and despatching an army under C. Antonius to act against Catiline.

Cicero, who feared to employ the dictatorial power with which he had been invested, and not being very well able to bring forward Fulvia as a witness, was in a difficulty; but, about this time, the Allobroges sent an embassy to Rome to obtain relief from certain debts that had been incurred to the Romans. Their mission to the senate not being successful, Lentulus endeavoured to incite them to insurrection. They, however, after listening to his proposals, thought it best to reveal the matter to Q. Fabius Sanga, through whom Cicero became acquainted with the state of things, and directed them to continue the intrigue. The Allobrogian envoys, who had obtained credentials signed by the chief conspirators, left Rome on Dec. 3rd, accompanied by one of the conspirators, T. Vulturcius, bearing letters from Lentulus to Catiline. By command of the consul these were arrested by the prætors, L. Flaccus and C. Pomptinus, on the Mulvian bridge. On the day following, Lentulus, Cethegus, and the rest of those who had signed, proceeded with the consul to the Temple of Concord, where the senate had been summoned to meet. Here the prætors produced the papers; the evidence was clear; the prisoners confessed their guilt, and were handed over to the custody of responsible senators. Cicero then, in his third oration, detailed to the assembled people in the forum all that was known about the plot : how he, himself, was to be killed, the senate, and those hostile to the conspirators massacred, the city to be fired in twelve places, and Manlius to move up his army from Fæsulæ.

Cato

On Dec. 5th the senate met to deliberate on the fate of the captured conspirators. Some few were for delay; many were against making the offence capital. Among the latter was C. J. Cæsar, whose speech on the occasion was so powerful and effective that he won over many waverers to his side. and Cicero, however, took an opposite view, and hotly pressed for extreme measures, and the prisoners, without trial, were strangled by the public executioners in the Tullianum, a loathsome subterranean dungeon.

Catiline bad under command two legions, mainly made up

of Sulla's veterans. When he received news from Rome of the collapse of the plot, and the fate of the conspirators, many of his associates deserted, and he himself attempted to retreat into Cisalpine Gaul, but the proprætor, Metellus Celer, held possession of the passes, and C. Antonius, with his army, was not far behind. Surrender or fight became necessary, and Catiline chose to try the fortune of war. He harangued his troops, and drew up with skill his little army. Caius Manlius commanded on the right, a man of Fæsulæ on the left, while Catiline took his place near the Aquila, which C. Marius had with him in his army in the Cimbrian War (IX., 27, note). Just before the battle, the consul, Antonius, mindful of his former friendship with Catiline-he had been connected with the conspirators, but had been detached by Cicero-handed over the command to M. Petreius, an able veteran. A short but furious conflict ensued. Manlius died fighting, and the centre of his army being broken through, Catiline, seeing the day lost, rushed into the thick of the enemy, and met his death fighting to the last. After the battle he was found, with many wounds, at some distance from his own men, surrounded by the corpses of his enemies, just breathing, with a look of defiance in his face.

MARCI TULLII CICERONIS

ORATIO PRIMA

IN

LUCIUM CATILINAM,

HABITA IN SENATU.

I. QUOUSQUE tandem abutêre, Catilina, patientiâ nostrâ ? Quamdiu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet? Quem ad finem sese effrenata jactabit audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum præsidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliæ, nihil timor populi, nihil consensus bonorum omnium, nihil hic muni- 5 tissimus habendi senatûs locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt? Patere tua consilia non sentis? Constrictam jam omnium horum conscientiâ teneri conjurationem tuam non vides? Quid proximâ, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem 10 nostrûm ignorare arbitraris ? O tempora! O mores! Senatus hæc intelligit; consul videt: hic tamen vivit! Vivit! immò verò etiam in senatum venit: fit publici

2. Iste is a pronoun of the second person. It refers to the person one is addressing and to the things belonging to him. In speeches iste is generally applied to an opponent. Ille is the pronoun of the third person, and points to the person about whom one is speaking to another. When not in opposition to hic it is applied to things that are well known or renowned. Thus, Ille Cæsar means the celebrated Cæsar. Ille refers to more distant objects, hic to objects nearest the speaker and the speaker himself. Hence, hic homo, sometimes =ego, and is called the pronoun of the first person. Is refers to something preceding, and is nearly equivalent to "the aforesaid person." Idem (the same) implies the identity of a subject with two predicates; it may often be translated "also," e.g., He was a poet and an orator, would be Ille poeta erat idemque orator. 4. Palatii.

The Mons Palatinus was the largest of the seven hills on

THE FIRST ORATION

OF

MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO

AGAINST

LUCIUS CATILINE,

DELIVERED IN THE SENATE.

I. Till what time, I pray, Catiline, will you abuse our patience? How long, indeed, will that madness of yours befool us? To what extent will your unbridled audacity boast itself? Has the nightly garrison on the Palatine hill nothing moved you? Nothing the guards of the city? Nothing the terror of the people? Nothing the common agreement of all good men? Nothing this most fortified place for assembling the senate? Have the features and countenances of these men produced no effect on you? Do you not perceive that your designs are laid bare? Do you not see that your conspiracy is held in check by the knowledge which all these men possess of it? What you did last night, what you did the night before, where you were, whom you assembled together, what design you undertook; which one of us, do you think, knows not? Oh times! Oh principles! The senate perceives these things; the consul sees them; and yet this man is alive! He lives! Yes, truly, and even comes into the

which Rome was built. There Romulus laid the foundation stone of Rome, and here he had his court: hence the term Palatium became applied to the residence of a monarch.

5. Munitissimus. The Senate was held, not in the curia (senate-house), but in the Capitolium (Capitol), a celebrated temple and citadel built on the Mons Capitolinus (Mons Tarpeius) and dedicated to Jupiter. (See Cap. V., 9, Huic ipsi Jovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi hujus urbis.)

6. Habendi senatus. Senatum has been proposed for senatus.

9. Quid proxima. In the house of M. Porcius Lecca.

consilii particeps: notat et designat oculis ad cædem unumquemque nostrûm. Nos autem (viri fortes!) satisfacere 15 reipublicæ videmur, si istius ferrum ac tela vitemus! Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jampridem oportebat; in te conferri pestem istam, quam tu in nos omnes jamdiu machinaris. An verò vir amplissimus, Publius Scipio, pontifex maximus, Tiberium Gracchum, medio- 20 criter labefactantem statum reipublicæ, privatus interfecit: Catilinam verò, orbem terræ cæde atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus? Nam illa nimis antiqua prætereo, quòd Quintus Servilius Ahala Spurium Melium, novis rebus studentem, manu suâ 25 occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hâc republicâ virtus, ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum, quàm acerbissmum hostem, coërcerent. Habemus enim senatûs-consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave: non deest reipublicæ consilium, neque auctoritas hujus 30 ordinis: nos, nos, dico apertè, consules desumus.

II. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut Lucius Opimius consul videret, ne quid respublica detrimenti caperet: nox nulla intercessit; interfectus est, propter quasdam

16. Ad mortem

oportebat. We should expect the imperfect subjunctive. The imperfect indicative expresses things which are not, but the time for which is not yet passed. The meaning is: Long ago it was fitting that you should be led to death, and it is still necessary. 20. Scipio. This was P. Scipio Nasica. He was consul with Decius Brutus. When pontifex maximus, he slew with his own hands Tiberius Gracchus, an act approved of by the senate. He was harassed by his enemies and died in exile at Pergamus. He was the son of Scipio Nasica, surnamed from his wisdom, Corculum. (See Lælius, Cap. XII., 12)

Pontifex maximus. For regulating the worship of the gods and deciding matters relating to religion, Pompilius Numa created four portiffs, with a superior called pontifex maximus. These appointments were held by the most distinguished men in Rome. In 300 B.C. the number of pontifices was doubled, so that with the pontifex maximus there were nine. In 81 B.C. Sulla increased the number of pontiffs to fifteen, and Julius Cæsar to sixteen. The pontifex maximus was a Patrician down to 254 B.C., when Tiberius Coruncanius, a Plebian, was elected to the office. The word pontifex is derived probably from pons and facere, and signifies the priest who offered sacrifices on the bridge, i..., Sublician bridge, from which annually on the Ides of May certain figures called Argei were thrown into the Tiber.

Tiberius Gracchus, who distinguished himself in the capture of Carthage and in the Numantine War, was the brother of Caius Grac