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senate; he is a partaker in the public deliberations! notes and marks down with his eyes for slaughter every one of us. But we, brave men, seem to be doing good to the republic if we avoid the steel and weapons of this man. Long since, Catiline, you should have been led to death by order of the consul. It were fitting that that destruction which you have so long been contriving against us all should be turned against you. Did, indeed, that most honourable man, Publius Scipio, the Pontifex Maximus, though a private citizen, slay Tiberius Gracchus, though but in a slight degree undermining the state of the republic? And shall we, forsooth, the consuls, endure Catiline, desirous of laying waste the world with slaughter and flames? For I pass over those matters which are of a very ancient date, as when Quintus Servius Ahala slew with his own hand Spurius Melius eager for a revolution. There was, there was in times gone by, in this republic, valour, so that brave men have restrained dangerous citizen with punishment more severe than the most bitter enemy. We have, indeed against you, Catiline, a stringent and authoritative decree of the senate; advice is not wanted by the republic nor authority by this assembly. We consuls, we, I say it openly, are wanting.

II. The senate decreed formerly that Lucius Opimius, the consul, should see that the republic received no injury. Not a single night intervened; Caius Gracchus, descended from a

In

chus, and son of T. Sempronius Gracchus and Sempronia (Cornelia), the celebrated mother of the Gracchi. When tribune of the Plebs, in 133 B.C., in opposition to his colleague, Octavius, he succeeded in passing the Agrarian law. Tiberius, with his brother Caius, and Appius Claudius, his father-in-law, were appointed commissioners to carry out its provisions and divide the land equally among the people, not allowing more than 500 jugera to each. About this period Attalus died, and, on the proposal of Gracchus, his property, left by will to the Roman people, was divided among the poor. the following year Gracchus again stood for the tribuneship, but in the midst of the election he was publicly slain by P. Scipio Nasica. 24. Quintus Servius Ahala. When a scarcity of provisions prevailed at Rome, Sp. Melius, a Roman knight, distributed corn among the people. He was accused of aiming at sovereign power, and was summoned to appear before the dictator, L. Q. Cincinnatus. Failing to comply, he was slain by Q. Servius Ahala, the master of the horse, B.C. 439.

II.1. Lucius Opimius was consul with Q. Fabius Maximus, B.C. 121. He was an energetic opponent of the Gracchi. When sent to Africa to settle the disputes in the family of Masinissa, he was bribed by Jugurtha. He was tried and condemned under the Mamilian law, and died in extreme poverty at Dyrrachium.

seditionum suspiciones, Caius Gracchus, clarissimo patre 5 [natus,] avo, majoribus: occisus est cum liberis Marcus Fulvius, consularis. Simili senatûs-consulto, Caio Mario et Lucio Valerio consulibus permisso est respublica. Num unum diem posteà Lucium Saturninum tribunum plebis, et Caium Servilium prætorem, mors ac reipubicæ 10 pœna remorata est? At nos vigesimum jam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis; habemus enim hujusmodi senatûs-consultum, verumtamen inclusum in tabulis, tamquam gladium in vaginâ reconditum; quo ex senatûs-consulto confestim interfectum te esse, Catilina, 15 convenit. Vivis; et vivis, non ad deponendam, sed ad confirmandam, audaciam. Cupio, Patres Conscripti, me esse clementem: cupio, in tantis reipublicæ periculis, non dissolutum videri; sed jam me ipsum inertiæ nequitiæque condemno. Castra sunt in Italiâ contra rempublicam in 20 Etruriæ faucibus collocata: crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus: eorum autem imperatorem castrorum, ducemque hostium, intra mœnia, atque adeò in senatu, videmus, intestinam aliquam quotidie perniciem reipublicæ molientem. Si te jam, Catilina, comprehendi, si 25 interfici jussero, credo, erit verendum mihi, ne non hoc potiùs omnes boni seriùs à me, quàm quisquam crudeliùs, factum esse dicant. Verûm ego hoc, quod jampridem factum esse oportuit, certâ de causâ nondum adducor ut faciam; tum denique interficiêre, cùm jam 30 nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam tui similis inveniri poterit, qui id non jure factum esse fateatur.

4. Caius Gracchus. C. Sempronius Gracchus, son of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. He was tribune of the Plebs 123 B.C. He was extremely popular with the people, and renewed the Agrarian law of his brother Tiberius. He was a second time tribune in 122 B.C. The Senate, finding it impossible to resist the popular measures of Gracchus, got M. Livius Drusius, his colleague, to propose measures still more popular, and thus sapped his influence. He failed to obtain the tribuneship in the following year (121 B.C.). On the expiration of his term of office, his enemies began to repeal the laws he had been instrumental in passing. Caius opposed these proceedings in the Forum, whereupon a riot arose. He fled to the Grove of the Furies, where he was, at his own request, put to death by the hand of his slave. No fewer than 3,000 of his followers perished in the melee, and their bodies were thrown into the Tiber. The memory of the Gracchi was held in high esteem by the Roman populace; statues were erected to them and they were worshipped as gods.

most illustrious father, grandfather, and ancestors, was slain on account of certain suspicions of insurrection. Marcus Fulvius, a man of consular rank, and his children, were slain. By a like decree of the senate the republic was handed over to Caius Marius and Lucius Valerius, the consuls. Did not death and the punishment by the republic put a check on Lucius Saturninus, tribune of the people, and Caius Servilius, the prætor, in a single day afterwards? But we, for now twenty days, have permitted the edge of the authority of these to become blunted, for we have a decree of the senate of this nature, shut up, however, like a sword sheathed in its scabbard, by which decree of the senate it is fitting that you, Catiline, should be forthwith executed. You live, and live, not to put aside your audacity, but to intensify it. I wish, Conscript Fathers, to be merciful, I desire in such great dangers to the republic not to seem negligent, but now I accuse myself of sloth and remissness. There is in Italy against the republic a camp pitched at the entrance of Etruria; the number of the enemy increases day by day, but the commander of that camp, and the leader of that enemy, we see within the walls, and even in the senate preparing some daily injury for the republic. If I were to order that you now, Catiline, should be arrested and be put to death, I think ĺ ought to fear that all good men would say that this was done too late by me, rather than that any one would assert it was done too cruelly. But for a certain reason I am not yet led to do that which long since should have been done by me; at length you shall be slain at the time when no one so wicked, so abandoned, so like yourself, will be able to be found who will not confess that this was justly done. As long as there shall be

5. Marcus Fulvius. M. Fulvius Flaccus was consul 125 B.C., and one of the triumvirs appointed to carry out the Agrarian law of Tiberius Gracchus. He was slain with Caius Gracchus in 121 B.C.

6. Caio Mario et Lucio Valerio. Marius, in his sixth consulship, had to act against the tribune of the people (L. Saturninus) and the prætor (C. Servilius Glaucia). See note Saturninus in Life.

8. Num quid, &c. This is a corrupt passage, which can only be translated as given. The meaning is:-"Were not Lucius Saturninus and Caius Servilius slain on the same day?"

16. Patres Conscripti. When Tarquinius Superbus was expelled from Rome many senators accompanied him. The vacancies thus created were filled up by the enrolment of many plebians of equestrian rank on the establishment of the republic. The new senators were called conscripti, and the whole senate was addressed henceforth as Patres Conscripti, i.e., Patres et Conscripti.

21. Etruriæ faucibus. Fæsulæ, now Fiesole, the head-quarters of Catiline's army, was a city of Etruria, three miles north-east of Florence.

Quamdiu quisquam erit, qui te defendere audeat, vives: et vives, ita ut nunc vivis, multis meis et firmis præsidiis obsessus, ne commovere te contra rempublicam possis; multorum te etiam oculi et aures, non sentien- 35 tem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.

III. Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam ampliùs exspectes, si neque nox tenebris obscurare cœtus nefarios, nec privata domus parietibus continere voces conjurationis tuæ potest? Si illustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? Muta jam istam mentem: mihi crede: obliviscere cædis 5 atque incendiorum. Teneris undique: luce sunt clariora nobis tuo consilia omnia, quæ etiam mecum licet recognoscas. Meministine, me, ante diem XII. Kalendas Novembris dicere in senatu, certo die fore in armis (qui dies futurus esset ante diem VIII. Kalendas Novembris) 10 Caium Manlium, audacia satellitem atque administrum tuæ ? Num me fefellit, Catilina, non modò res tanta, tam atrox, tam incredibilis, verùm (id, quod multo magis est admirandum) dies? Dixi ego idem in senatu, cædem

8. Ante diem XII. Kalendas. The Julian year was divided into 12 months, February had 28 days, June, September, and November 30 days, and the remainder 31 days. The first day of each month was the Kalends (Kalenda); the Nones (None) were on the fifth, except in the case of March, May, July, and October, when they were on the seventh. The Ides (Idus) were always eight days after the Nones, and therefore on the thirteenth or fifteenth. Days between the Kalends and the Nones were reckoned from the Nones; between the Nones and Ides they were reckoned from the Ides, those after the Ides were reckoned from the Kalends of the month following. In the Roman method of counting from a certain day this day was reckoned in. Therefore, in calculating the days of a month we must add one to the number from which we deduct: e.g., the fifth of March is a day before the Nones which fall on the seventh. Therefore(7+1) — 5 = 3, or the fifth of March is the third day before the Nones. The same method is applicable in calculating backwards from the Ides; but, in the case of reckoning backwards from the Kalends, we must not only add one to the number of days of the month, but must also take into account the Kalends, i.e., we must deduct from the number of days increased by two. Thus the 27th

of June is { (30 + 2) — 27 = 5, or the fifth day before the Kalends

of July. In leap-years, every fifth year according to the Roman system, the additional day was inserted after the 23rd of February, so that February 24th was reckoned double, and this day was called bis sextus, or bis sextum, hence the term annus bis sextus applied to

any one who dares to defend you, you shall live, and you shall live just as you now live, surrounded by my guards many and strong, lest you should be able to bestir yourself against the republic; the eyes and ears of many, too, shall, as they have hitherto done, observe and keep guard over you, though unconscious of it.

III. For what is there, Catiline, which you can now further expect, if neither night is able to shroud in its shades your wicked assemblies, nor a private house is able to restrain with its walls the sounds of conspiracy-if all things are evident and come to light? Change now that mind of yours; believe me, forget slaughter and conflagrations. You are held in check on all sides: all your designs are clearer to us than the day, and these you may recollect with me. Do you remember that on the twelfth day before the Kalends of November, I said in the senate that on a certain day which was to be the eighth day before the Kalends of November, Caius Manlius, the upholder and instrument of your audacity, would be in arms? Has a matter of such magnitude, so atrocious, so incredible, not only deceived me, Catiline, but also the day? I likewise

leap year. The names of the months are adjectives, mensis being understood. The time when is expressed by the ablative, thus, e.g., die quinto ante Kalendas Martias, but die and ante may be omitted, when we have quinto Kalendas Martias = V. Kalendas Martias. In Livy and Cicero a different form of expression is more common, viz., ante diem quintum Kalendas Nonas, or Idus a. d. III. Kal, &c. This anomalous construction is explained by supposing that ante was moved forward and the ablative was changed into an accusative, as if governed by the preposition-the real ablative Kalendas remaining unaltered. The expression ante diem must be regarded as an undeclinable noun, since it is often preceded by prepositions that govern the accusative or ablative. Thus, in line 15 we have in ante diem. Ante diem XII. Kal. Novembris = 21st October.

Novembris is probably the old form of the accusative.

9. Ce to dies

qui dies. Observe the repetition of the substantive. This is of frequent occurrence, with dies more particularly. It was customary to say pridie, and postridie, ejusdiei. The repetition of the noun is, of course, necessary when there are two preceding a relative and it is doubtful to which the relative refers. Cæsar frequently repeats the noun. Thus Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent.-De Bello Gallico I. 6.

23. Præneste. An ancient town of Latium, 20 miles to the south-east of Rome. It is said to have been founded by Telegonus, son of Ulysses and Circe. It was situated on a high and steep hill and formed a cool residence (hence, frigidum Præneste-Horace) in summer. was made a Roman colony, and was celebrated for a temple to Fortune, with an oracle. Hence, Prænestina sortes.

It