397, 3, N. 5. 23. quantum . . . restitisset: 'as had remained over from unlimited slaughter;' i. e. 'as had escaped unchecked bloodshed.'

CONCLUSION. XI.

XI. 27. Quibus pro tantis rebus: 'Now in return for these so great services (of mine).' 33. Nihil mutum: as a statue. Page 101. 2. res: 'achievements.' 4. diem period;' in eandemque diem propagatam esse et salutem urbis et memoriam consulatus mei might have been expected. Cicero believed that the memory of his consulship would endure as long as Rome's sovereignty, which would last forever. Cf. Bryce's "Holy Roman Empire." 7. alter . . . terminaret: Pompey; rhetorical exaggeration, yet not without some basis; for Pompey had fought with Sertorius in the extreme west, and with Mithridates in the extreme east.

XII. 11. condicio: 'lot.'

quae illorum: 'as of those.'

14. vestrum est: 'it is your (duty).' 15. recte := merito, '(and) deservedly.' 20. nihil: see IDIOMS. A. 230; G. 208;

24. quam.

H. 384, 5. 23. tacita: though silent,' i. e. by silent influence. conscientiae: 'of inner knowledge' that Cicero had really saved the state. indicabunt: i. e. si qui, ea (conscientia) neglecta, me violare volent, se ipsi indicabunt (they will betray themselves' by their very appearance). 27. nullius: for the gen. of nemo. 28. Quod si, et seq.: cf. p. 70, 19-21, and N. 33. fructum: 'gains.' 34. in honore vestro: i. e. 'in the honors you have it in your power to bestow."

Page 102. 1. virtutis: 'won by valor.' quicquam altius: 'any greater height.' even more splendid.' ut: final.

Kind of gen.?

4. ornem: 'make

7. me tractabo:= versabor, 'I shall conduct myself.' 10. est nox: the meeting of the Senate preceding this address lasted till late in the day. illum: cf. p. 98, 34, and N. 12. aeque ac: 'just the same as.' priore nocte: after the second oration; cf. p. 87, 11-13. 15. providebo a hint at the fate of the conspirators in custody.

THE FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE.

Page 103. IN L. CATILINAM: see N. on p. 209.

HABITA IN SENATU: Dec. 5, B. C. 63, the Senate being assembled in the Temple of Concord; cf. Plan facing p. 76.

I. 1. Video

INTRODUCTION. I.-III.

in me, etc. for the circumstances of delivery, and an outline of the thought, see pp. 41, 44. At what point in the debate Cicero spoke is not clear; but evidently the discussion regarding the punishment of the conspirators was becoming involved with the question of his own safety. That the debate should for the moment take this direction is not strange, for the consul was yet the hope of all patriots in the contest with the conspiracy, which had been shown to be so dangerous; while in view of the desperate character of the leaders, and his efforts to bring them to justice, every one knew that he would be the first object of attack. At this point, when the senators were looking toward him to divine his feeling in the matter, the orator took advantage of his position as presiding officer (see p. 113, 12-13) to urge them to make all personal considerations secondary to the true interests of the state, and presented clearly the two views before the house regarding the disposition of the conspirators, delicately but distinctly revealing his own preference for the extreme penalty. The exordium, which under other circumstances might have appeared unwarrantably egotistical, is thus seen to be entirely in keeping with the occasion, whether it was spoken as it stands, or the present form is a fuller statement of what was said at the time.

5. in dolore: i. e. animi. voluntas: = 'kindly regard;' it is not their good-will but their anxiety for his welfare that the orator begs them to lay one side.

14. aequitas: for iustitia; cf. p. 87, 2, and N. continetur : 'is centred;' the law courts were about the Forum. 15. auspiciis: abl.; an election of consuls was held only after certain

auspices, taken in the Campus Martius, had been declared favorable. curia: there is no record of any attempt on the orator's life in the Senate-house; but cf. p. 74, 19. 16. auxilium omnium gentium: refers to the Senate's adjustment of foreign relations; cf. p. 58. 17. commune perfugium: suggestive of that maxim of English law, "Every man's house is his castle." datus: to be taken closely with lectus.

18. haec sedes honoris: the curule chair, the official seat of the higher Roman magistrates. It had a square seat, with no

back or arms, and was so made that it would fold up as a camp-stool. This arrangement appears to have been originally a matter of convenience, that the chair might readily be moved about, implying magisterial jurisdiction wherever it was placed; possibly in the earliest times it was carried in the chariot with the magistrate (hence curulis, from currus, 'carriage-chair '), See Illustration.

20. multa tacui: a hint at the revelations he might have made had he thought it expedient involving prominent men in the conspiracy; such, perhaps, as Caesar and Crassus. 21. meo. . . timore: i. e. yours the fear merely, but mine the pain (with some pain to myself ').

Page 104. 2. virgines Vestales: cf. N. to p. 92, 30. 4. delubra: cf. p. 89, 17, and N. 5. totam Italiam: cf. p. 95, 25, and N. 8. fatale, etc.: see p. 92, 23-31. 10. prope: 'I might almost say,' 'as it were;' softens fatalem exstitisse, which otherwise would have seemed arrogant. Notice the chiasmus in fatale ad perniciem ad salutem fatalem. A. 344, f; G. 684; H. 562.

II. 11. consulite: cf. IDIOMS. 16. praesident in the sense of tuentur. pro eo, ac: see IDIOMS. 17. si quid obtigerit: euphemistic, as shown by moriar. 19. consulari: 'to him who has been consul,' because he has reached the highest goal of human ambition, the highest honor men can bestow. sapienti: 'to the philosopher;' cf. p. 106, 25. The ancient systems of philosophy, but more particularly the Stoic and the Epicurean, inculcated disregard of death.

20. ille ferreus: 'a man so made of iron,' a man so devoid of feeling.' fratris now praetor-elect; see Vocab. under Cicero (2). 21 horum omnium: senators, the orator's special friends, who were disturbed at the thought of danger to him. The Greeks and the Romans gave vent to their feelings much more freely than would be considered in good form among us. 24. exanimata: from anxiety. uxor, filia, filius: see Vocab, under Terentia, Tullia, and Cicero (3); Marcus, the son, was now only two years old. 26. ille gener; see Vocab., under Piso. As Piso was not yet admitted to the Senate, he stood with the throng before the open door of the temple. 28. in eam partem: = (only) to this determination.' 30. quam: for quam ut. A. 332, b; G. 647, R. 4; H. 502, 2. unā: communi. 31. peste instrumental abl., where we should use 'in.'

32. incumbite: nautical term; cf. procellas, 1. 33.

34. Non Ti. Gracchus: Not a Tiberius Gracchus,' or No Tiberius Gracchus.' iterum: in the time of the Gracchi it was not lawful to hold the office of tribune of the people for two years in succession.

5. vestram

Page 105. 2. agrarios: those who favored a more equable division and management of the public lands. omnium: trans. as if vestri omnium. Why? 6. Romae restiterunt: i. e. instead of going forth with Catiline. 7. lit. terae, signa, manus: i. e. the letters with each one's seal and hand-writing; see p. 93, I et seq. 8. servitia: abstract for concrete, = servi; see p. 94, 9-11. 9. id est sums up; ́in short, the design was formed, that.' 10. nemo ne - quidem: A. 209, a, I; G. 444; H. 553, 2. 12. relinquatur : present because consilium (1. 9), summing up the preceding present tenses, looks toward the future; our idiom here requires the impf.

III. 14. multis . . . iudicavistis: 'you have already, by many (previous) decisions, settled;' a very clever turn, implying that the Senate had already committed itself regarding the guilt of the conspirators and its own jurisdiction in the case. 15. gratias . . . decrevistis: see p. 94, 29-31. 17. P. Lentu coëgistis: see p. 95, 33, and N. 19. in custodiam : 20. meo nomine: see p. 95, 21-25, and N.

lum

see p. 95, 3-15.

22 praemia — amplissima: what these were is not known; probably they were gifts of money. Reason for the position of

amplissima? 24. nominatim dati sunt: i. e. each prisoner was placed in charge of a different person; see N. to p. 69, 5. According to Sallust (Cat. XLVII. 4), Lentulus was turned over to the aedile P. Lentulus Spinther, Cethegus to Quintus Cornificius, Statilius to Gaius Caesar, Gabinius to Marcus Crassus, and Ceparius, after he was caught, to the senator Gnaeus Terentius.

31. mis

27. institui: here coepi. referre: object? 28. tamquam integrum: 'as still an open question,' notwithstanding the fact that you have virtually passed a sentence of condemnation already. 30. consulis: as chief executive of the state and presiding officer of the Senate; cf. N. to p. 61, 14. ceri: idiomatically, 'were brewing.' 32 haberi: stronger than factum esse; habere is used of holding meetings of political bodies, as the Senate. 33. putavi forcible; so we sometimes say, I never thought it of him,' when we mean 'I never would have thought it of him.'

Page 106. 1. statuendum

:

est: 'you must reach a

decision before nightfall;' because a decree of the Senate passed after sunset was not valid, and because the emergency was such as to admit of no postponement of action. 3. vehementer: see IDIOMS. 4. Latius see IDIOMS. 6. multas provincias occupavit: rhetorical exaggeration; yet Catiline had reckoned on receiving armies from Spain and Mauretania (Sall. Cat. XXI. 3).

D. Silani: as

called on to give his opinion 11. haec: cf. p. 70, 11, and N.

IV. 10. duas sententias: cf. pp. 41, 44. consul-elect he was the first one and vote. Cf. N. to p. 94, 24. 12. C. Caesaris: he was now praetor-elect, and therefore one of the first to be called on after the consuls-elect and ex-consuls. His speech is given at length by Sallust, Cat. LI. 13. removet brief for removendum esse censet. 15. in - versatur : 'insists upon.'

24. laborum ac miseriarum like our phrase, 'toils and troubles.' Caesar's argument is, that life sentence is a severer punishment than the death penalty; he thinks that death ends all. Sallust reports his words thus (Cat. LI. 20): De poena possum equidem dicere - id quod res habet in luctu atque