of our colloquial expression, “Oh, he has his ups and downs." Cf. p. 152, 22, and N.

12. quem deum: owing to the association of each divinity with a particular sphere of activity, and the subordination of all to Fate, the gods of the ancient mythology were not looked upon as omnipotent. The expression here, however, is highly rhetorical. si cupiat: etiam si rei publicae opitulari

cupiat.

VIII. 14. sunt excitanda: 'must be lifted up,' 'raised up;' in contrast with iacere, etc. Measures looking toward all the reforms suggested and many besides - had already been sanctioned, or were under consideration. See Mommsen's "History of Rome," Vol. IV., p. 586 et seq. 16. iudicia: regulated

by a lex Iulia iudiciaria, which took away from the tribunes of the treasury the privilege of sitting on juries; cf. N. to p. 111, 3 and II.

Caesar car

17. fides: the lex Iulia de fenore (passed B. C. 49) ordered an assessment of mortgaged property at the valuation held before the depreciation caused by the civil wars, and obliged creditors to accept it at this valuation in satisfying their claims, without the payment of any arrears of interest that might be due. In this way burdensome debts were cancelled, with a loss to creditors of only about one fourth their original investment (Caes. de Bell. Civ. III. I; Suet. Iul. Caes. XLII.). libidines : here refers particularly to extravagance in living. ried the enforcement of sumptuary laws so far as to place guards about the market to confiscate forbidden luxuries; in some cases even dishes were taken from the table in private houses (Suet. Iul. Caes. XLIII.). 18. suboles: Caesar "proposed extraordinary rewards for the fathers of numerous families, while he at the same time as supreme judge of the nation treated divorce and adultery with a rigor according to Roman ideas unparalleled." Mommsen, Vol. IV., p. 623.

22. orna

20. ardore for the order cf. p. 146, 6, and N. menta dignitatis: cf. p. 118, 12, and N. praesidia stabilitatis : cf. p. 122, 20, 21. 23. armatus, togatus: cf. p. 156, 21-23. 28. vocem: utterance.' Satis diu: = 'long enough.' According to Suetonius (Iul. Caes. LXXXVI.) Caesar declared neque voluisse se diutius vivere, neque curasse, quod valetudine minus prospera uteretur;. non tam sua quam rei publicae

interesse, uti salvus esset; se iam pridem potentiae gloriaeque abunde adeptum (esse); rem publicam, si quid sibi eveniret, neque quietam fore et aliquanto deteriore condicione civilia bella subituram.

29. naturae: i. e. for the space of life allotted by nature. How old was Caesar at this time? 31. parum:= 'not long enough.' 32. doctorum hominum. the philosophers; cf. p. 106, 22, et seq. 34. enim i. e. And I have reason for saying this; 'for'

...

Page 167. 1. Credo: i. e. credo te ita sentire. tum si:= '(only) in case.’ id audirem: 'I would listen to it,' in the sense of id probarem, 'I would approve of it.' 5. fundamenta, quae: i. e. fundamenta eorum (operum), quae; reference not only to the great plans Caesar had formed for the reorganization of the state (see N. to p. 166, 14), but also to a series of magnificent public buildings on which work had already been commenced. 7. aequitate animi: 'by the even balance of your mind,' the philosophic calm which even the thought of death cannot disturb.

11. Parum – magna: ‘(works) not great enough.' 12. satis: i. e. satis magna. 15. futurus fuit: 'was destined to be.' 17. vide: see to it.' 18. virtus: here 'character.' 19. magnorum . . . meritorum: i. e. fama magnorum meritorum vel in suos cives (towards one's fellow-citizens'), etc. Reason for the order? Cicero gives also a similar definition of gloria (Phil. I. xii. 29): Est autem gloria laus recte factorum magnorumque in rem publicam meritorum, quae cum optimi cuiusque tum etiam multitudinis testimonio comprobatur.

IX. 22. pars: 'part;' implied comparison of life to a drama. hic actus (only) this act,' the last act. 24. in primis := 'above all others.' 26. solveris: 'you shall have paid (the debt).' satietate vivendi: cf. Cic. Cato Mai. xx. 76: Satietas vitae tempus maturum mortis adfert. 28. hoc ipsum i. e. vivere diu, or vixisse diu. extremum: in the sense of finis; 'And yet,' says Cicero (Cato Mai. xIx. 69), ‘ye beneficent gods! what is there long in the life of man?' 29. pro nihilo: as nothing' at all. 30. Quamquam : as p. 70, 14. 31. his angustiis: 'by these narrow bounds.' 32. fuit, semper: asyndeton, where we should say 'but.' mortalitatis: cf. p. 156, 9-11, and N.

im

34. Nec

est: 'And in truth this ought not to be considered your (real) life.'

Page 168. 1. spiritu: 'breath,' as the necessary condition of the body's existence. illa, illa: cf. p. 62, 5, and N.; p. 98, 34 et seq. 4. inservias: A. 331, i, with N. 1; G. 559, R. I; H. 502, I. te ostentes: 'acquit yourself before;' ostentare is used in the sense of our phrase, "to place one's self in the right light" before another. 5. miretur: for admiretur. 7. provincias, etc.: i. e. the conquering of provinces, the crossing of the Rhine, the advance to the ocean, the victory by the Nile; condensed and vivid statement. 8. pugnas: cf. p. 160, 25, and N. 9. triumphos: Caesar had just celebrated a fourfold triumph for his victories in Gaul, Egypt, Asia Minor (veni, vidi, vici), and over the allies of the Pompeian leaders in Africa. 12. sedem . . . habebit: the orator avoids saying outright that Rome will be destroyed; cf. p. 101, 4, and N.

14. magna dissensio: one has only to read the opinions passed on Caesar in recent times by Arnold and Mommsen, Froude and Trollope, to bear witness to the remarkable foresight revealed in this passage. 16. idque vel maximum := 'and this most of all.' salute sc. restituta, 'by restoring the safety.' 17. illud: the flames. hoc: the extinguishing

of the flames.

18. Servi: 'look to.' 19. haud scio an: 'probably.' 22. ad te, etc.: cf. p. 157, 28-30, and N. quidam: the Epicureans; cf. p. 106, 22–24, and N. falso: as Cicero knew that Caesar was an Epicurean, and was not accustomed to express his own belief in the immortality of the soul so unreservedly, it seems hardly possible that he could have used the word falso as it stands here. Very likely it was inserted by some pious copyist of the Christian epoch. 23. nunc certe: while you are still living.

X. 26. Diversae, etc.: referring again to the period of civil war through which they had just passed. 28. obscuritas :

=

' uncertainty,' 'wavering,' among those at Rome; explained by what follows. 30. quid optimum esset: whether to remain neutral, or to join Caesar or Pompey. 32. quid liceret: i. e. how far they would be allowed to take advantage of the undisturbed condition of affairs to their own interest. 34. neque omnes, etc. in implied contrast with the position

assumed by Pompey, who had declared that he would treat as public enemies all who failed in their allegiance. Cf. N. to p. 164, 8.

Page 169. 2. posita [sunt]: after the battle at Pharsalus. erepta sunt: as in the struggle in Africa. 5. ille antecedent to the following qui; he who gave up his life in battle rather than yield is a better man than he who submits to be pardoned and yet remains hostile. 6. Quae eadem 'the same (trait) which.'

13. omnes: 'all (of us).' 17. subesse: latère.

10. aliquid: 'any (measure).' 14. haec cf. p. 70, 11, and N. 18. excubias: 'watches' stationed outside of a camp or building, as distinguished from custodiae, 'guards' set to protect a given point or place, and vigiliae, 'patrol-men.' The following year the Senate voted Caesar a select body-guard, but he refused to accept it.

With maximas

22. maiores idem sentiunt : dicere: trans. as

XI. 21. maximas gratias: see IDIOMS. maiores cf. certissima — certiora, p. 94, 15-18. [gratias]: 'greater' than can be expressed. 'have the same feeling.' 24. stantibus if stare et dicere. 25. cui necesse est [dicere]: i. e. as an ex-consul (cf. N. to p. 106, 10-12) and prominent member of the Senate, and as the most intimate friend of Marcellus.

30. Quod: refers as antecedent not only to id, l. 33, but also loosely to id understood as object of praestare, p. 170, 2; having performed the duty imposed by my affection in pleading for Marcellus, I ought now to perform the gracious duty of returning thanks. on my part.' 34. tam diu

6 mea:

quam diu: ='so long as.'

Page 170.

3. omnibus rebus: 'in all respects;' not in regard to life merely, but also as regards property, civil rights, and standing. me conservato trans. by a clause with 6. maximus accesserit: trans. as if hoc

' although.'

tuo facto maximum cumulum accessisse confitear.

THE FOURTH SPEECH AGAINST ANTONY.

Page 171. ORATIO PHILIPPICA QUARTA: delivered from the Rostra (now in the new location; see N. on p. 227), Dec. 20, B. C. 44; for the occasion, and an outline of the matter, see pp. 51-53. Plutarch says (Cic. xxiv.) that the orator himself called the speeches against Antony Philippics;' whether that be true or not, the term was applied to them not long afterwards (cf. Juv. X. 123–126), and is found in the oldest Ms.

INTRODUCTION.

6

I. (ll. 1-19.)

I. 1. Frequentia vestrum: cf. p. 116, 1, and N.

incredi

5. tem

bilis: great or numerous beyond the belief of any one who had not actually seen it. 2. videor: sc. mihi. pora immediately preceding the death of Caesar, but more particularly since. quae simul ac := et simul atque ea. took the lead in.' 8. Hodierno enim that this is true; 'for to-day (first).' 9. rem actam: sc. esse 10. reliquarum: 'of all remaining;' with actionum, of all that remains to be done.' 14. tanto approbavistis: indicates that the statement Nam

6. princeps - fui: 'I die i. e. You will see

Antonius had been vociferously applauded.

16. impii: cf.

p. 71, 2, and N.

17. ille hostis: sc. sit.

DISCUSSION.

A. Antony has been judged an enemy. I. (1. 20) -IV.

20. C. Caesar: Octavianus; cf. p. 51. 23. Laudo, etc.: the audience had again applauded, at the mention of Octavianus. 24. vel pueri potius: he was in his twentieth year.

=

Page 172. 1. sunt . . . aetatis : 'for his deeds are immortal; (only) his name (i. e. 'age') is that of youth.' 4. tale - qui: 'like (the deed of him) who.' 6. a Brundisio reditum: Antony had, with the permission of the Senate, recalled four legions from Macedonia, the Second, Fourth, and