duo], n., war.

bēlua, -ae, f., great beast, beast,

wild beast, monster.

bene, comp. melius, sup. optimē, [bonus], adv., well, successfully, prosperously; very, quite. Comp, better. Sup., best. beneficium, -1, [beneficus], n, kindness, favor, service, benefit ; honor, promotion. benevolentia, -ae, [benevolēns], f., good-will, kindness, friendship. benīgnitās, -ātis, [benīgnus], f., kindness, courtesy; favor, liberality, bounty.

bēstia, -ae, f., beast, animal, brute. bibliotheca, -ae, [Вißλoηên], f., library, room for books; collection of books.

bibō, bibere, bibī, bibitum, 3, a. and n., drink. Bibulus, -1, m., name of a family

of the Calpurnian gens. The best known member is L. Calpurnius Bibulus, who was consul with Caesar in the year 59 B. C. Being in sympathy with the aristocratic party, he opposed Caesar whenever possible, both during the consulship and afterwards. He had a commission under Pompey in the Civil War, but died B. C. 48, just before the battle of Dyrrhachium. EP. XIX. biduum, -1, [bis, cf. dies], n., period of two days, two days. bīnī, -ae, -a, [cf. bis], dist. num. adj, two each, two by two, two at a time; double. bipertītō [bipartītus, from bi for bis, partior], adv., in two divisions, in two parts, in two parties. Bithynia, -ae, [Bioūvia], f., Bithy nia. a province in Asia Minor, bounded on the west by the Propontis and on the north by the Pontus Euxinus.

the Good Goddess, an Italian divinity, also called Fauna and Mãia. She was supposed to preside over the fructifying powers of the earth, as well as over the chastity and faithfulness of women. She was worshipped at Rome as an austere virgin, men being forbidden to enter her temple. Her rites were celebrated by the Vestal Virgins and by matrons. EP. III. bonitās, -ātis, [bonus], f., goodness, kindness, friendliness; excellence.

bonus, -a, -um, comp. melior, sup. optimus, adj., good, worthy, excellent, kind. As subst.,

bonus, -I, m., good man; pl. boni, -ōrum, the good. bonum, -I, n., good thing, advantage; pl. bona, -ōrum, goods, property, possessions, blessings.

Bosporānī, -ōrum, [Bosporus], m., people along the Bosporus, dwellers by the Bosporus. Bovillānus, -a, -um, [Bovillae], adj., of Bovillae, at Bovillae, an ancient town in Latium on the Appian Way, about 12 miles southeast of Rome. brevis, -e, adj., short, brief, little. brevitās, -ātis, [brevis], f., shortness, brevity; conciseness. breviter [brevis], adv., shortly, briefly, concisely, in a few words. Britannia, -ae, f., Britain, includ ing England and Scotland. Brundisium, -1, n., Brundisium, an important seaport on the Adriatic, in Calabria. It was the usual port of departure for Greece and the East; now Brindisi. Brutus, -1, m., cognomen of several

well-known Romans, of whom four are mentioned in this book:

(1) Decimus Iunius Brutus, consul B. C. 138. As proconsul of Further Spain he gained important victories, for which he celebrated a splendid triumph, B. C. 136. ARCH. XI.

(2) Decimus Iūnius Brūtus Albīnus, who served under Caesar in Gaul, later in the Civil War. Afterwards he joined the conspiracy against Caesar's life, and conducted the Dictator to the Senate-house on the day of the assassination. After Caesar's death he obtained Cisalpine Gaul as a province, and refused to give it up to Antonius. When Octavianus prepared to wreak vengeance on the murderers of Caesar, Brutus attempted to escape into Macedonia, but was betrayed by a Gallic chief and put to death by order of Antonius, B. C. 43. ANT. IV. III., IV., EP. XLVI.

(3) Marcus Tūnius Brūtus, the friend of Cassius and Cicero, born B. C. 85. In the Civil War he joined the side of Pompey, but was pardoned by Caesar, and was one of the assassins that took Caesar's life. He joined with Cassius in gathering an army against Antonius and Octavianus. In the first engagement at Philippi, B. C. 42, Brutus came off victorious. But three weeks later he suffered a complete defeat and put an end to his life by falling on his sword. EP. XXXIV., XXXVI., XXXVII.

(4) Marcus Iūnius Brūtus, a celebrated jurist, who lived in the second century B. C. EP.

XXXVIII.

Būthrōtum, -1, [Boveρwτóv], n., Buthrōtum, a town on the coast of Epirus, opposite Corcyra.

C.

C, in expressions of number, = 100. C., see Gāius. cado, cadere, cecidi, cāsum, 3, n., fall, fall down; fall away, fall dead, die, be slain, perish; fall under, be subject to; fall to the lot of, befall, happen. caducus, -a, -um, [cadō], adj.,

inclined to fall, falling; perishable, transitory, frail, fleeting. caedēs, -is, [cf. caedō], f., slaughter, massacre, carnage, murder. caelestis, -e, [caelum], adj., of heaven, heavenly, celestial.

As subst., caelestēs, -ium, m., pl., heaven-dwellers, the gods. Caelius, -i, m., name of a Roman gens, of which two members are mentioned in this book:

(1) Q. Caelius Latīniēnsis, tribune of the people and the next year legatus, contrary to the usual practice. IMP. P. XIX.

(2) M. Caelius Rufus, aedile B. C. 50. In the Civil War he supported the cause of Caesar for a time, but prepared to join a movement against the Dictator and soon met a violent death. EP. XVIII.

caelum, -ī, n., sky, heaven, heavens; the skies; air, atmosphere, climate, weather.

Caepārius, -1, [caepe, onion], m.,
M. Caepārius, an acquaintance of
Cicero; nothing further is known
about him. EP. XXX.
Caesar, -aris, m., name of a prom-

inent family in the Julian gens,
of which four members are men-
tioned in this book:

(1) Gaius Iulius Caesar, the Dictator, born B. C. 100, assassinated March 15, B. C. 44.

(2) L. Iulius Caesar, consul B. C. 64, uncle of Mark Antony,

whose course after the death of the Dictator he opposed. CAT.

IV. VI.

(3) Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus, see Octāviānus.

(4) L. Iulius Caesar Strabō, consul with P. Rutilius B. C. 90, censor with P. Crassus the following year; killed by Cinna. ARCH. V.

Caesariānus, -a, -um, [Caesar],

adj., of Caesar, Caesar's. Caiēta, -ae, [Kainτn], f., Cãiēta, a

sea-coast town, with a harbor, in the southwestern part of Latium. calamitās, -ātis, f., loss, damage, hurt; calamity, misfortune, ruin, disaster, adversity.

calamus, -1, [κάλaμos], m., reed;

by metonymy, pen made of reed, reed pen; reed pipe.

callidus, -a, -um, [calleō], adj., skilful, shrewd; crafty, cunning, artful.

=

campus, -ī, m., plain, level field, open field; often Campus Mārtius, the Campus Martius, a grassy open space in the northwestern part of Rome, along the Tiber and outside the Servian Wall, where the people met for reviews and elections by centuries.

cano, canere, cecini, cantum, [for casnō, from root CAS, sing], I, n. and a., sing, make music, play; sing of, celebrate; as prophecies were given in verse, foretell, predict..

cantō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum [freq. of

canō], 1, n. and a., sing, play. cantus, -ūs, [canō], m., singing, playing; song, music. capillus, -1, [cf. caput], m., hair

of the head, the hair. capio, capere, cēpī, captum, 3, a, take, lay hold of, seize, grasp; get possession of, master, control;

capture, storm, reduce; captivate, win; deceive, betray, catch; harm, deprive of; suffer, experience; receive, entertain; enter upon, undertake; accept, gain, enjoy, reap; take in, comprehend, grasp; hold, be large enough for.

capitālis, -e, [caput], adj., of the

head, foremost; involving life, capital; deadly, dangerous, baneful. Capitolium, ī, [caput], n., (1) in a narrower sense, the Capitol, a temple on Mons Saturnius dedicated by the Tarquinii to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, afterwards made the most splendid temple at Rome; very often, (2) the Capitoline Hill, the Capitoline, the hill on which the Capitol stood, which contained also the citadel of Rome. See Map, p. 76. Cappadocia, -ae, [Kаππаdокíα], f., Cappadocia, an extensive country of Asia Minor lying south of the Euxine sea, north of Cilicia, and west of the upper course of the Euphrates.

Capua, -ae, f., Capua, an ancient

and luxurious city of Campania, 136 miles southeast of Rome. caput, -itis, n., head; by metonymy, person, being, life, soul; of elevation, top, summit; of streams, source, fountain-head; of plants, tops, heads; of civil rights, citizenship; of writings, chapter, passage, point; of things in general, chief thing, principal thing.

Carbō, -ōnis, m., Carbō, name of a plebeian family of the Papirian gens; in this book, C. Papīrius Carbo Arvina, tribune B. C. 90 or 89. He joined with his colleague M. Plautius Silvanus in proposing a law on citizenship, which was afterwards known as the Lex Plautia Papīria. ARCH. IV.

carcer, -eris, m., prison, dungeon, place of confinement; by metonymy, of a race-course, usually pl., carcerēs, -um, startingplaces, barriers.

careō, -ēre, -ui, fut. part. caritūrus, 2, n., be without, not have; do without, abstain from, keep from, hold aloof from; want, lack, be deprived of; usually with abl. Caria, -ae, [Kāpía], f., Căria, a province in the southwestern part of Asia Minor, south of Lydia.

cāritās, -ātis, [cārus], f., dearness,

high price; love, affection. carmen, -inis, [for casmen, from root CAS, sing, found in ca(s) nō], n., song, strain of music; poem, verse, hymn; as oracular responses and incantations were in verse, response of an oracle, prophecy, incantation, charm; also metrical inscription, inscription in verse.

cārus, -a, -um, adj., dear, precious, valued; esteemed, beloved; affectionate; costly.

Cassius, -a, name of a prominent
Roman gens.
Four Cassiī are
mentioned in this book:

(1) L. Cassius Longīnus, a competitor of Cicero for the consulship for 63 B. C.; afterwards prominent in the conspiracy of Catiline, in which he asked to be assigned the burning of Rome as his part. He also conducted negotiations with the Allobroges, but escaped arrest. His fate is unknown. CAT. III. IV. et seq.

(2) C. Cassius Longīnus, originator of the conspiracy against the life of Caesar; defeated by Antony in the first engagement at Philippi, B. C. 42, and killed by one of his freedmen at his own request. EP. XXXIII.

(3) Q. Cassius Longīnus, tribune of the people B. C. 49. He commenced public life as a quaestor of Pompey in Spain, but in the Civil War he held a command under Caesar in the same country. Ep. XIX.

(4) C. Cassius Longinus Vārus, consul B. C. 73, proconsul in Cisalpine Gaul the following year.

IMP. P. XXIII.

castē [castus], adv., without spot, purely, virtuously; piously, relig iously.

castrēnsis, -e, [castra], adj., of camp, in camp; of a military movement, with a camp, i. e. open, as opposed to treacherous or secret operations.

castrum, -1, n., fortress, castle. Pl. castra, -ōrum, camp, encampment.

cāsus, -ūs, [cadō], m., lit. a falling, fall; a happening, accident, event, occurrence; chance, emergency; destruction; mishap, misfortune, calamity.

Catilina, -ae, m., L. Sergius Catilīna, Catiline, originator of a dangerous conspiracy suppressed by Cicero, who pronounced against him the famous Catilinarian orations.

Catō, -ōnis, [catus, shrewd], m.,

Cato, name of a noted family of the Porcian gens. Three Catos

are mentioned in this book:

(1) M. Porcius Catō, known as Cato the Elder, or Cato the Censor; born 234 B. C. at Tusculum, 14 miles southeast of Rome; died B. C. 149. He was eminent as a general, statesman, orator, and writer. He was considered by Romans of later times, as the ideal of Roman character. His treatise "On Farming" is extant; only fragments of his other writ

IX.

(2) Porcius Cato, a friend of Archias. It is uncertain what Cato this was; but probably it was M. Porcius Cato, father of Cato Uticensis. ARCH. III.

(3) M. Porcius Cato Uticensis, so named from Utica in Africa, the place of his death; born B. C. 95. In the midst of an active public life he was a consistent adherent of the stoic philosophy. Accepting a commission from Pompey in the war with Caesar, he proved a failure as an officer. Finding himself in straits he preferred suicide to surrender and fell on his sword, B. C. 46. ARCH. IX.

Catulus, -1, m., name of a family of the Lutatian gens, of which two members are mentioned in this book:

(1) Q. Lutatius Catulus, consul with C. Marius 102 B. C., when the poet Archias came to Rome. ARCH. III.

(2) Q. Lutatius Catulus, son of the preceding, consul 78 B. C. He was prominent as a leader of the aristocratic party, and was a man of fine character. He opposed the Gabinian and Manilian laws, but supported Cicero warmly against the Catilinarian conspirators. He died B. c. 60. CAT. III. X., IMP. P. XVII., XX., ARCH. III.

causa, -ae, f., cause, reason; pretext, excuse, motive; condition, case, situation; lawsuit, judicial process; side, faction. causā

with preceding gen., for the sake of, on account of.

cautiō, -ōnis, [caveō], f., watchfulness, precaution; safety, security.

n. and a., be on one's guard, beware of; take precautions against, guard against, take heed; as a legal term, provide, order, decree; with dat. of person, protect, take care of.

cēdō, cedere, cessi, cessum, 3, n. and a., go away, retire, retreat; yield, give place to; submit, comply; be inferior to; conform to, concede.

celeber, -ĕbris, -ĕbre, adj., fre

quented, crowded, thronged with; hence honored by the presence of many, renowned, famous, celebrated, distinguished. celebritās, atis, [celeber], f., crowd, throng, multitude; pub licity, fame, renown, celebrity. celebrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum, [celeber], I, a., crowd, fill, throng, frequent; practice, engage in, repeat; celebrate, solemnize; praise; honor. celeritas, -ātis, [celer], f., swiftness, speed, quickness. celeriter, comp. celerius, sup. celerrimē, [celer], adv., swiftly, quickly, speedily; in haste, immediately.

cēna, -ae, f., dinner, the principal

meal of the Romans, in early times taken at noon, afterwards later in the day. cēnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum, [cēna], 1, n. and a., dine, eat dinner. censeō, cēnsēre, cēnsuī, cēnsum, 2, a., assess, rate, estimate; be of the opinion, propose, vote, urge; suppose, imagine, think, believe; decide, determine. cēnsor, -ōris, [cēnseō], m., censor, title of a Roman magistrate. At Rome there were two censors, who had charge of the registration lists, the valuation and assessment of property, the farming of certain revenues and the let