sese haberent, would keep themselves (i. e. move, or simply be). — aliud alio ferri, this thing driven one way, and that another. 2. artibus, qualities. — superbia, arrogance, opposed to æquitate, equal justice. — fortuna, etc., i. e. they became unlucky. optumum quemque, i. e. in every case, every time a better man appears.

quæ (cognate acc.).

parent, whatever ploughing, &c., men

do, all is subject.— virtuti, sc. animi.

dediti ventri, given up to gluttony.—indocti, without knowledge; inculti, without breeding.

sicuti peregrinantes, i. e. as if in a strange country, and ignorant of its laws.-transiere, § 279. c.

profecto, etc., clearly against nature.

corpus

...

fuit, the body has been [the source of] pleasure, and the mind a burden (dat. of service, § 233).

eorum ego, both emphatic. juxta, alike.. quoniam siletur (impersonal), since both are lost in silence (oblivion); lit. silence-is-kept about both.

anima,

verum enimvero, but really. -is demum (superl. of de), he alone (lit. at last; having gone through all the others). breath of life.

facinoris, in its rarer sense of noble deed.(as literature and the like).—copia, variety.

artis, profession

§ 3. bene dicere, to speak well (as an orator), a kind of play on the words dicere and facere. — haud absurdum, not unbecoming (a "litotes"), corresponding to pulcrum, noble (beautiful).

pace, bello, loc. abl. (§ 254. a). — clarum (acc.) agrees with the subj. of fieri, which is not expressed. — qui multi, many [of those] who (§ 216. e).

mihi quidem, to me at least. - scribere, describe. - facta, etc., the deeds must be matched by the words. -dehinc = deinde, in the second place.

quæ. reprehenderis (gen. cond.), whatever faults you blame all your censure of faults. — dicta: spoken through ill-will and jealousy, agreeing with antecedent of quæ.

=

quæ ... ducit, i. e. every man accepts what he thinks easy for himself to do. The distributive (quisque) is in Latin generally put in the relative clause; in English, in the demonstrative.

adulescentulus, when very young. - studio, by party feeling: Sallust early allied himself with the popular party, headed by Julius Cæsar. - ad rem publicam, into public life.

pro pudore, etc., observe the parallelism.—largitio, lavish gifts to the multitude.

animus, my better nature. — insolens, etc., a stranger to evil arts.

imbecilla ætas, age of weakness (lit. without staff), i. e. youth. tenebatur, was possessed.

moribus, practices. — honoris

...

cum, while. eadem, the same eagerness for public honors. — eademque, etc., and the same fame or jealousy troubled me as [did] the others.

-

3. § 4. a republica procul, aloof from politics. — consilium, my design.—socordia, indolence (of mind); desidia, sloth.- bonum otium, my happy leisure.

colundo, the regular spelling of the gerund in Sallust's time. — intentum, agreeing with the subj. (me) of agere.

...

sed. . . regressus, i. e. but going back to the same undertaking and pursuit from which, etc. (§ 200. b; for the use of the perf. part see § 290. b). — eodem, to the same point, i. e. the same purpose and zeal antecedent of quo.

carptim (§ 148. e), piecemeal, lit. picking out here and there. partibus=partisanship.

paucis absolvam, I will acquit myself in a few words; lit. pay of, as a debt. — de cujus hominis, etc., a man of whose character, &c.— prius . . . quam=first . . . before.

...

§ 5. Catilina: His full name was Lucius Sergius Catilina. The Sergian gens, although of no distinction in history, was patrician, and therefore belonged to the oldest aristocracy. Virgil (Æn. v. 121) derives it from Sergestus, a companion of Æneas.

nobili, well known, from the same root (GNO) as nosco, meaning of high rank. — ingenio, etc., of a bad and perverse (wrongheaded) nature.

grata (§ 187. b), agreeing with bella, cædes, etc. eis). . exercuit, in these he trained his youth.

...

ibi (=in

corpus (sc. ei erat), etc., in body he was able to endure fasting, &c. (inedia, negative of edo, eat).—supra quam, beyond what: supra, with the other adverbs in ra, is a comparative form.

audax, reckless; subdolus, tricky; varius, versatile. — cujus rei lubet (= cujuslibet rei), of any thing you like (whatsoever). simulator, feigning what is not; dissimulator, concealing what is (§ 188. d).

alieni appetens, craving [what was] other men's (§ 218. b). — sapientiæ, discretion. — vastus animus, insatiate temper.

dominationem, autocracy (regularly used of unlawful power). Luci Sullæ the dictatorship of Sulla was B.C. 82. Catiline was 'one of his most unscrupulous tools, and a number of bloody deeds are ascribed to him, as the murder of his own brother and brotherin-law, and especially of M. Marius Gratidianus, a kinsman both of Cicero, and of the famous general Marius.

invaserat, had possessed. -rei publicæ capiundæ, of getting

control of state affairs.-neque... habebat, nor had he any regard (§ 216. a3) in what way he should gain it, provided he won himself royal power.

in dies, from day to day. quæ utraque, both of which (generally singular, as here). — artibus, practices.

incitabant, etc., he was further impelled by, etc., changing to passive to keep the emphasis. - divorsa inter se, different from each other (§ 196. ƒ).

res ipsa, etc., the occasion (subject) itself seems to suggest.

- supra repetere, to trace further

4. admonuit, has reminded.back. - paucis (abl. of manner), briefly.

domi militiæque, at home or in the field (§ 258. d). In this familiar phrase, militiæ (also belli) does not at all imply actual warfare, but is used by way of contrast with the regular order of things within the city walls, to describe the field over which the war power and the laws of war have authority. Within the city (domi) the imperium, or power of the magistrate to command, is limited by certain provisions which are designed to protect the liberty of the individual, and this is so even in war: outside of the city (militiæ) these limitations do not exist, but the magistrate, even in peace, possesses full war powers. Within the city, the limitations might be suspended by the Senate in cases of great urgency, by ordering Videant [darent operam] consules, etc. (p. 17). This was equivalent to declaring martial law.

habuerint, maintained.—flagitiosissuma, most scandalous (same root as flagro, blaze: used of a burning shame).

§ 6. urbem

condidere, the city was founded and occupied by, etc. (see note to incitabant, § 5).

Trojani: it is interesting to notice how completely Sallust's account of the origin of Rome differs from that generally received, which we find in Livy and Virgil. Sallust says nothing of Romulus and Alba Longa, but speaks of Rome as founded immediately by Æneas.

profugi

vagabantur, roamed as exiles, with no fixed homes (abl. of qualification), i. e. driven from one place to another.

Aborigines indigenous, i. e. natives. The Roman antiquarians made much confusion by supposing that this epithet of the native Latins was the name of an independent earlier race, which formed the Latins by uniting with the foreign Trojans.

agreste, uncouth. -sine imperio, i. e. with no master, or ruler. — solutum, unrestrained (by law).

una, plural (§ 83, 94. a). — alii alio more, in various ways (§ 203). — quam . . . coaluerint, interrog. clause, subj. of est. eorum, their state (commonwealth). — civibus moribus

res

agris aucta, increased in population, institutions, and territory. (When three or more words succeed one another in this way, a conjunction is either joined with all of them except the first, or more commonly with neither of them, as here.)

pleraque mortalium, most human things. (The style of Sallust is distinguished by the frequent use of the partitive genitive in preference to the simpler construction of agreement.)

habentur (= =se habent, § 111. N. 1), are.

temptare, would attack: histor. infin. (§ 275. & R.). extremely common in Sallust. - pauci, only a few (always with this negative force). aberant, kept aloof.

intenti, earnestly (bent upon their aim) - dandis, etc., abl. of means (§ 301).

imperium, supreme power. - legitumum, not legitimate, but controlled by law. This famous passage, describing "a government of laws under the name of kingdom may be very well applied to modern constitutional monarchies, like England.

regium, that of king (a kind of predicate: a possessive adjective is generally used in preference to the possessive genitive, § 190). delecti, chosen men (§ 188. R.), agreeing with the antecedent of quibus, and subj. of consultabant.

corpus annis infirmum, in accordance with the etymology of Senate, as a body of old men; see Cicero, Cat. Maj. § 19.

patres, the term regularly applied to the senators; in this sense it could only be used in the plural. Strictly speaking, it applied only to the patrician senators.

regium imperium, the rule of kings.-conservandæ libertatis, i. e. a means of preserving, etc. (§ 298. R.). — ei, nominative. superbiam, arrogance; dominationem, tyranny. — immutato more, changing the method.

annua imperia: the date assigned to this revolution is B.C. 509. The change consisted not in materially lessening the power which had been exercised by the kings, but in limiting it to a year and dividing it between two elected magistrates, called at first prætors, afterwards consuls. — insolescere, i. e. acquire a lordly habit.

§ 7. se extollere, to aspire. - in promptu, ready for service. regibus, emphatic, as opposed to consuls. — aliena virtus, other men's merit.

5. adepta libertate, when freedom was won (§ 135. b).

quantum brevi creverit in point of fact it took the republic a long time to regain the height of prosperity enjoyed under the Kings. The entire first century of the republic was occupied with petty wars with neighboring states: after this the conquests went rapidly on. —incesserat, had inspired (lit. come upon them).

jam primum, in the first place: the contrast is in sed ubi, p. 6.

simul ac (§ 156. a), etc., i. e. at the age of 17. - per laborem usu (§ 246. b), laboriously by practice.

domuerat, overmastered.

decoris, handsome.

certamen, etc., the chief rivalry of glory was among themselves: it was not the foe's rivalry they feared. se quisque. ferire... properabat, each was eager that he should be the one to strike, etc. (se, subj. of ferire). dum faceret, while performing (subjunctive of intermed. clause, § 342.

eas, eam, this (referring to ferire, etc., but agreeing with the predicate, § 195. d).—honestas (opposed to ingentem), i. e. not great, as now, but honorable.

§ 8. ex lubidine, according to her fancy; ex vero, according to justice.— celebrat, makes famous.

satis amplæ, quite grand.· verum tamen, in truth, however. provenere, sprang up (an agricultural term). scriptorum magna ingenia, i. e. writers of great genius (Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon),

eorum qui fecere, of the actors. sua bene facta, his own worthy deeds: ab aliis is placed next to sua for the contrast; ipse agreeing with the subject of malebat, because none is expressed to narrare. — prudentissumus, ablest.

6. § 9. certabant de, vied in. — suppliciis, prayers.

artibus, qualities. -audacia . . . æquitate: observe the chiastic arrangement (§ 344. f). —vindicatum est in, chastisement was inflicted on (see the case of T. Manlius Torquatus, told on p. 34.

vero, on the other hand. This exaggerated and rhetorical sketch of the "good old times" is drawn to point a moral for the age of the historian, and will not bear too critical inspection.

§ 10. nationes feræ, barbarous tribes; populi ingentes, mighty nations.

This was B.C.

ab stirpe interiit, perished root and branch. 146, which date may be fixed on for the acknowledged supremacy of Rome throughout the Mediterranean. It was just at this time, too, that the internal convulsions began which destroyed the republic in the century that followed. The war of classes first came to open violence in the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus, B.C. 133.

qui . . . toleraverant, those who had lightly borne toils, perils, circumstances of doubt and hardship. - eis, antecedent of qui.

optanda alias, desirable under other circumstances. materies, source: lit. stuff (the mother-substance) out of which any thing is made. Hence its usual meaning of timber.

artīs (acc. plur.), qualities.—deos neglegere (same constr. with superbiam as obj. of edocuit, § 271. a) = neglect of the gods. venalia habere, to keep on sale.—edocuit, the subj. is avaritia.