and being, in fact, the only city originally in that part of the country, and erected by Carthaginian workmen, it hence took the Punic name of Cartha, or, "the city.' It was the residence of Syphax, Masinissa, and the other rulers of the land. At a later period, Julius Caesar gave it to a certain Sittius, who aided him with his followers against Scipio and Juba. The place now changed its name to Sittianorum Colonia. In the time of the emperor Constantine, having suffered much on account of its fidelity to that prince, the latter repaired and embellished it, and gave it the name of Constantina. This name remains with a slight variation to the present day, and the small city, built upon the ruins of the ancient capital is still called Cosantina. p. 16.

CRETA. A large island in the Mediterranean, now Candia, said to have had, in early times, a hundred cities. Q. Metellus received the surname of Creticus, from his having brought the war in this island to a close.

CROTONA, or Croto, now Cotrone, a powerful city of Magna Graecia, in the territory of the Bruttii, on the coast of the Sinus Tarentinus. It was distinguished for its attachment to the doctrines of the Pythagorean sect, and the consequent purity and morality of its inhabitants. Luxury, and the love of pleasure, however, came in at last, and destroyed all the good effects which had emanated from the school of Pythagoras. Until this change took place, the Crotoniats were remarkable for their hardihood and vigour, and had conquered and destroyed the wealthy and effeminate city of Sybaris. As a proof, indeed, of the robust frames of its inhabitants, and their skill in athletic exercises, it was commonly said, that the last wrestler of Crotona was the first of the other Greeks. When, however, the change took place in their own morals, they degenerated to such a degree, that, being engaged in hostilities with the Locrians, an army of 130,000 Crotoniats was routed by 10,000 of the enemy on the banks of the Sagra. After this, it gradually declined in importance, until the inhabitants, unable to hold out against Hannibal, retired to Locri, when the Romans established a colony in it. Pliny merely calls it an Oppidum.

p. 101. CYRENE. A city of Africa, the capital of Cyrenaica, near the coast of the Mediterranean. It was founded by Battus, who led thither a colony of Dorians from the island of Thera. In the immediate neighbourhood of the settlement was a copious spring of excellent water, which the new comers are said to have called the fountain of Apollo, and to have converted the native appellation for the same into the Greek Kúpn, from which arose the name Cyrene, (Kupivn, Doricè, Kvpáva.) Cyrene became, in process of time, a powerful city, under an independent line of princes, until Ptolemy Apion, the last monarch, bequeathed the capital, together with all the territory of Cyrenaica to the Roman people. The silphium, a species of laserpitium, or assafoetida, formed a great article of trade in Cyrenaica. The capital stood a little inland, and had Apollonia, now Marza Susa, for its port. The modern name of Cyrene is Curin.

D.

p. 14.

DURIUS. A river of Spain, now the Douro, rising in the chain of Mons Idubeda, and near the sources of which stood the ancient city of

Numantia, It empties into the Atlantic, after a course of nearly 300 miles, but is navigable only seventy miles from its mouth, on account of its rapid current. At the mouth of the Durius stood Portus Calles, now Oporto, from a corruption of which arose, the modern name of Portugal. The classical appellation for Portugal, however, is Lu

sitania.

E.

ETRURIA. A district of Italy, lying north and west of the Tiber. The origin of the Etrurian nation is unknown, although many, without any very strong reasons for the opinion, regard them as having been a Celtic race. Their civilization came in with the Tyrrheni, who appear to have been identical with the Pelasgi. The statement of Herodotus, that the Tyrrheni, or Etrurians, were of Lydian origin, appears to refer merely to a Pelasgic emigration. The Etrurians excelled in the knowledge of augury, and in the worship of the gods. In these respects the Romans seem to have done little more than adopt the ceremonies and institutions of their neighbours, who were for a long period their determined and powerful enemies. After long continued war and much carnage, the Romans obtained a complete victory over them, and compelled them to submit to such conditions as they chose to dictate. The Etrurians were divided into twelve states, of which each adopted that form of government which seemed most agreeable, though the leading feature in all was aristocratic. The want of a common bond of union contributed very materially to their final subjugation by the Romans. Etruria corresponds, in a great measure, to the present Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

F.

p. 93.

FAESULAE. Now Fiesoli, a town of Italy, in Etruria, southeast of Pistoria. Here Catiline raised the standard of rebellion. In modern times, it is rather a village than a town. The Goths, when they entered Italy, under the consulate of Stilico and Aurelian, A. D. 400, were defeated in the vicinity of this place.

G.

p. 92.

GAETULI. The inhabitants of Gaetulia, in Africa. Gaetulia lay to the south of Numidia, and answers in some degree to the modern Beledelgerid. The Gaetuli, like the Numidians, excelled in horsemanship, and, like them, rode barebacked.

p. 13. GALLIA. An extensive country of Europe, lying between the Rhine, the Alps, the Mediterranean, the Pyrenees, and the ocean. It was more extensive, therefore, to the north and east than modern France. The name Galli, given to the inhabitants by the Roman writers, is the Celtic term Gael, Latinised. The Greeks called them Keλrat, and their country Κελτική and Γαλατία.

GALLIA CITERIOR. Called also Gallia Cisalpina, a name given by the Romans to that part of Italy which lay between the Alps and the rivers Rubicon and Macra. It was occupied by various Gallic tribes, which

had poured over the Alps into this extensive tract of country. Livy assigns to these migrations the date of 600 B. C.; but in all probability they were much earlier.

GALLIA CISPADANA. Gaul south of the Padus, or Po; or, in other words, that part of northern Italy which lay between the Po and the rivers Rubicon and Macra. The remaining portion between the Po and the Alps, was called Gallia Transpadana.

GALLIA TOGATA. Commonly regarded as only another name for Gallia Cisalpina, but applying in strictness merely to Gallia Cispadana. The name has reference to the country's being. occupied by individuals who enjoyed the rights of Roman citizenship, or, in other words, the privilege of wearing the toga. These inhabitants appear to have been settled here in colonies after the Gauls were driven out. (Compare Mannert, Geogr., vol. x., part 1, p. 133.)

GALLIA TRANSALPINA. Gaul beyond the Alps, or Gaul Proper.

H.

HADRUMĒTUM. The capital of Byzacium, a district of Africa Propria. The place, according to Sallust, was of Phoenician origin, and owed its prosperity, in a great measure, to the fertility of the surrounding country; since, although situate near the coast, it does not appear to have had any harbour. It suffered severely in Caesar's wars, but was afterwards restored and enlarged by a colony being sent hither in the time of the emperors, especially Trajan. The place was destroyed by the Saracens. Its site has been made a matter of much discussion at the present day. D'Anville places it near the modern Susa, in the territory of Tunis. Shaw makes it the same with Hamamet. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. I., part 2, p. 244.)

P. 14. HIPPO. A city of Numidia, in the western part, on a bay near the promontory of Hippi. It was called Hippo Regius, not only to diatinguish it from Hippo Zarytus, a town on the coast to the west of Utica, but also from its having been one of the royal cities of the Numidian monarchs. The place was of Phoenician origin. St. Augustine was bishop here. Near the ancient site is a town named Bona.

p. 14. HISPANIA. An extensive country, forming a kind of peninsula, in the southwestern part of Europe. It was divided into Hispania Citerior and Ulterior. Hispania Citerior was also called Tarraconensis, from Tarraco (now Tarragona) its capital, and extended from the foot of the Pyrenees to the mouth of the Durius (now Douro) on the Atlantic shore; comprehending all the north of Spain, together with the south, as far as a line drawn below Carthago Nova, (now Carthagena,) and continued in an oblique direction to the river Durius, passing by Salamantica (now Salamanca). Hispania Ulterior was divided into two provinces, Baetica, in the south of Spain, between the Anas (now Guadiana) and Citerior; and above it Lusitania, corresponding, in a great measure, to modern Portugal. Baetica answers to modern Andalusia.

I.

p. 4.

ITALIA. Of this well-known region, it will be sufficient here to give merely the main divisions. The peninsula of Italy was anciently divided

into Gallia Cisalpina, in the north, from the Alps to the rivers Rubicon,
on the upper, and Macra, on the lower coast; Italia Propria, in the
centre, and Magna Graecia, in the south. The last of these took its
name from the Greek colonies settled there, and comprehended the prov-
inces of Campania, Apulia, Lucania, Messapia, and Bruttium. All
between Magna Graecia and the rivers Rubicon and Macra, was
Italia Propria, and under the immediate jurisdiction of the senate and
people.

L.

LARES. A town of Africa Propria, west of Zama Regia, and south
of Sicca Venerea. Its site is supposed to be marked at the present
day by the modern Larbuss. (Bischoff und Möller, Worterb. der Geogr.,
p. 682.)

p. 61.

LATIUM. A country of Italy, lying south of Etruria, from which it
was separated by the river Tiber. In it stood Rome, Alba, Lavinium,
Tusculum, Arpinum, Praeneste, &c. The name of Latium was at first
given to that portion of Italy only, which extends from the mouth of the
Tiber to the promontory of Circeii; but subsequently this latter boundary
was removed to the river Liris, whence arose the distinction of Latium
Antiquum and Novum. At a still later period, the southern boundary
of Latium was extended from the Liris to the mouth of the river Vultur-
nus and the Massic hills.

p. 47.
LEPTIS. There were two cities of this name in Africa. 1. The first,
called for distinction sake Leptis Magna, was situate towards the
greater Syrtis, at the southeast extremity of the district of Tripolis. It
was founded by the Phoenicians, and ranked next to Carthage and Utica,
among their maritime cities. Under the Romans, it was signalized, as
Sallust informs us, by its fidelity and obedience. It was destroyed by
the Vandals, rebuilt by the emperor Justinian, and finally demolished by
the Saracens. Lebida now marks the ancient site. 2. The other city
of Leptis, called also Leptis Parva, was situate in Africa Propria, in
the district of Byzacium, or Emporiae, about eighteen miles below Ha-
drumetum, on the coast. It is now Lempta. This city paid a talent
a day to the Carthaginians as tribute, which will serve to give us some
idea of its commercial prosperity, and the productiveness of the sur-
rounding district. The Phoenicians, according to Sallust, were its
p.14, 51.

founders.

LIBYA. The name given by the Greek writers and the Roman poets
to what was otherwise called Africa. In a more restricted sense, the
name has been applied to that part of Africa which contained the two
countries of Cyrenaica and Marmarica, together with a very extensive
region inland, and which was generally styled Libya Interior.
p. 13.
LIGURES. The natives of Liguria. This country formed part of
Cisalpine Gaul, and lay along the shores of the Sinus Ligusticus, or
gulf of Genoa, between the Varus on the west, and the Macra on the
east The Ligures appear to have been a numerous and powerful people,
extending at an early period along the shores of the Mediterranean, from
the mouth of the Rhodanus to that of the Arnus, reaching also into the
interior of Gaul, and the valleys of the maritime Alps. In the days of
the Roman dominion, however, their limits were contracted as first above

stated. The Ligurians were a bold and hardy mountaineer-race, and
they were not conquered by the Romans until after many years of war-
fare. The possession of their country was important, as affording
the easiest communication with Gaul and Spain over the maritime
Alps.

M.

p. 27.

MACEDONIA. A country of Europe, lying to the west of Thrace, and
north and northeast of Thessaly. It was reduced under the Roman
sway by Paulus Aemilius, who defeated and took prisoner its last monarch
Perses, in the memorable battle of Pydna. Before the time of Philip,
father of Alexander, all the country beyond the river Strymon, and even
the Macedonian peninsula, from Amphipolis to Thessalonica, belonged
to Thrace, and Paeonia likewise on the north. But, when enlarged
by conquest, the limits of Macedonia were from the river Nessus in
Thrace to the Ionian sea, including Paeonia, and Illyria beyond lake
Lychnitis. As a Roman province, however, Macedonia did not include
Epirus.

p. 25.

MASSILIA. A celebrated colony of the Phoceans, on the Mediter-
ranean coast of Gaul, now Marseilles. It became at an early period a
powerful and flourishing city, and was famed for its extensive commerce.
The most prosperous period in its history would seem to have been the
interval from the fall of Carthage, with which city it had frequent col-
lisions, to the commencement of the contest between Caesar and Pom-
pey. This city was always the firm ally of Rome. It suffered severely
in the civil wars from its attachment to the party of Pompey, being
compelled to sustain a severe siege, in which its fleet was destroyed,
and, after surrendering, to pay a heavy exaction. Massilia became after-
wards, in the days of Augustus, famous as a seat of science, and the
rival of Athens.

p. 96.
MAURETANIA. A country of Africa, lying to the west of Numidia,
and answering now to the modern Fez and Morocco. It was, properly
speaking, in the time of Bocchus, bounded by the river Mulucha, now
Malva, on the east, and corresponded nearly to the modern Fez; but,
in the time of the emperor Claudius, the western part of Numidia was
added to this province, under the name of Mauretania Caesariensis, the
ancient kingdom of Mauretania being now called, for distinction sake,
Mauretania Tingitana, from its principal city Tingis, or Old Tangier,
on the west of the straits.

p. 12.

MEDI. The people of Media, in Upper Asia. Their country lay to
the east of Assyria, and was separated from 'Armenia on the north by
the river Araxes. The capital was Ecbatana, now Hammadan. When
first mentioned in history, the Medes were a brave people. Like other
states, wealth and power rendered them indolent and luxurious, and they
fell beneath the arms of Cyrus.

p. 13.
MULUCHA. A river of Africa, separating Mauretania from Numidia,
in the time of Bocchus. It is now the Malva.
p. 15.
MUTHUL. A river of Numidia, supposed to have been a branch of
the Bagradas.

p. 33.