Strabo speaks of it as being in his days a ruined city; it probably met with this fate during the civil wars. It appears to have been afterwards rebuilt, and to have become the seat of a bishopric. The modern Zowarin marks the ancient site. There was another Zama, five days' journey west of Carthage, according to Polybius (15, 5). Near this lat- ter place was fought the famous battle between the elder Africanus and Hannibal.
ABORIGINES. Vid. Geographical Index.
ADHERBAL. Son of Micipsa, and grandson of Masinissa, besieged at Cirta, and put to death by Jugurtha, after imploring in vain the aid of Rome, B. C. 112. Gesenius conjectures the origin of this proper name, from the Hebrew Addir, (" great,") and Baal, ("lord.") Claudiar. touches slightly on the history of Adherbal, (15, 409.)
AEMILIUS PAULLUS. Vid. Lepidus.
AEMILIUS SCAURUS. Vid. Scaurus.
ALBINUS. Aulus Postumius, brother of Spurius Postumius Albinus, the consul, who obtained by lot Numidia for his province, B. C. 112. Aulus, and the Roman army entrusted to his care by his brother, were entrapped by Jugurtha, and compelled to pass under the yoke. The senate refused to ratify the treaty which he made on this occasion with the Numidian monarch. Livy (Ep. 64) calls him lieutenant-general, not propraetor, the term applied by Sallust.
ALBINUS. Spurius Postumius, elected consul with M. Minucius Rufus, 112 B. C.; and who, in the allotment of the provinces, obtained Numi- dia, while his colleague got Macedonia. He appears to have been a com- mander of very inferior abilities, and was repeatedly foiled and baffled by Jugurtha. Being compelled to return to Rome, to attend the elections, he left his army in charge of his brother Aulus, whom Jugurtha entrapped and compelled to pass under the yoke. On returning to Africa, he was forced by the wretched state of the troops to remain inactive. In this condition he resigned the army to Metellus, who superseded him in the command.
ANNIUS, Lucius. A tribune of the commons, who made a vigorous effort to retain his office, after the expiration of his legal term. He was aided in this attempt by one of his colleagues, P. Licinius Lucullus, in opposition to the other tribunes; and the struggles of these two prevented the election of the other magistrates during a whole year.
ANNIUS, Quintus. A man of senatorian rank, who entered into the conspiracy of Catiline. He effected his escape, when some of the ring- leaders were apprehended, and appears to have eluded the search of the agents of government, and to have gone unpunished.
ANTONIUS, Caius. A Roman, son of M. Antonius, the orator, and brother of M. Antonius Creticus, the father of the triumvir. He was originally in habits of very great intimacy with Catiline, and the arrange- ment was that these two should stand for the consulship, and, if they
succeeded, commence, while in this high office, their plans of revolution. Cicero defeated this scheme, and, being elected consul with Antonius for his colleague, succeeded in detaching the latter from the conspiracy, and from every other design formed against the state. He effected this de- sirable object by yielding to Antonius the rich province of Macedonia, which had fallen to his own lot. In the action between the forces of Catiline and those of the republic, Antonius took no part, having been prevented, according to Sallust, by a complaint in his feet. Dio Cassius, however, states expressly, that he feigned illness on this occasion, through fear of encountering the reproaches of Catiline, in case they should meet in the fight. After the conspiracy was crushed, Antonius went to his province of Macedonia, where he continued for two years, but, on his return to Rome, he was brought to trial, and banished, for having been guilty of extortion, and having made war beyond the limits of his pro- vince, (Liv. Epit. 103.) He was a man of very dissolute habits, and before he obtained the consulship had been expelled by the censors from the senate for immoral conduct.
ASPAR. A Numidian, sent to the court of Bocchus by Jugurtha, to obtain secret information respecting the intentions of the Mauretanian king with respect to himself and the Roman people. He was outwitted by Bocchus and Sylla, and the immediate consequence was the capture of Jugurtha.
AURELIA ORESTILLA. A female of great beauty, but very corrupt prin- ciples. Catiline offered her his hand in marriage, which she refused to accept, because he had a son by a former marriage, arrived at man's estate. To remove this obstacle Catiline put his son to death by ad- ministering poison. (Compare Val. Max. 9, 1.)
AUTRONIUS, P. A Roman of senatorian rank, who became consul elect, but afterwards lost the consulship on a charge of bribery. The consequent disgrace in which this involved him led him very probably to Join the party of Catiline. After the overthrow of that party he succeeded in making his escape.
BAEBIUS, C. A tribune of the commons, on whom Jugurtha prevailed, by dint of bribery, to espouse his cause, and interpose his veto, when the Numidian prince was summoned before the Roman people.
BELLIENUS, L. The Roman praetor at Utica, whom Marius summoned to attend a council at Cirta, towards the end of the Jugurthine war. According to some he was the maternal uncle of Catiline.
BESTIA, L. Calpurnius. A Roman nobleman, who held the consulship with Scipio Nasica, B. C. 113. It fell to his lot to carry on the war in Numidia against Jugurtha, where, however, he acquired no fame, but was led by his avaricious feelings to receive a heavy bribe, and conclude a disadvantageous and dishonourable peace with Jugurtha. He was condemned under the Mamilian law, and died in exile. Besides the charges brought against him by Sallust, Pliny the elder mentions that M. Caecilius brought him to trial for poisoning at least two of his wives by wolfsbane.
BOCCHUS. King of Mauretania, who betrayed Jugurtha into the hands of the Romans. He obtained as the reward of his treachery the western part of Numidia.
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