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Strabo speaks of it as being in his days a ruined city; it probably met
with this fate during the civil wars. It appears to have been afterwards
rebuilt, and to have become the seat of a bishopric. The modern
Zowarin marks the ancient site. There was another Zama, five days'
journey west of Carthage, according to Polybius (15, 5). Near this lat-
ter place was fought the famous battle between the elder Africanus and
Hannibal.

p. 39.

HISTORICAL INDEX.

:

HISTORICAL INDEX.

A.

ABORIGINES. Vid. Geographical Index.

ADHERBAL. Son of Micipsa, and grandson of Masinissa, besieged at
Cirta, and put to death by Jugurtha, after imploring in vain the aid of
Rome, B. C. 112. Gesenius conjectures the origin of this proper
name, from the Hebrew Addir, (" great,") and Baal, ("lord.") Claudiar.
touches slightly on the history of Adherbal, (15, 409.)

AEMILIUS PAULLUS. Vid. Lepidus.

AEMILIUS SCAURUS. Vid. Scaurus.

ALBINUS. Aulus Postumius, brother of Spurius Postumius Albinus,
the consul, who obtained by lot Numidia for his province, B. C. 112.
Aulus, and the Roman army entrusted to his care by his brother, were
entrapped by Jugurtha, and compelled to pass under the yoke. The senate
refused to ratify the treaty which he made on this occasion with the
Numidian monarch. Livy (Ep. 64) calls him lieutenant-general, not
propraetor, the term applied by Sallust.

ALBINUS. Spurius Postumius, elected consul with M. Minucius Rufus,
112 B. C.; and who, in the allotment of the provinces, obtained Numi-
dia, while his colleague got Macedonia. He appears to have been a com-
mander of very inferior abilities, and was repeatedly foiled and baffled by
Jugurtha. Being compelled to return to Rome, to attend the elections,
he left his army in charge of his brother Aulus, whom Jugurtha entrapped
and compelled to pass under the yoke. On returning to Africa, he was
forced by the wretched state of the troops to remain inactive. In this
condition he resigned the army to Metellus, who superseded him in the
command.

ANNIUS, Lucius. A tribune of the commons, who made a vigorous
effort to retain his office, after the expiration of his legal term. He was
aided in this attempt by one of his colleagues, P. Licinius Lucullus, in
opposition to the other tribunes; and the struggles of these two prevented
the election of the other magistrates during a whole year.

ANNIUS, Quintus. A man of senatorian rank, who entered into the
conspiracy of Catiline. He effected his escape, when some of the ring-
leaders were apprehended, and appears to have eluded the search of the
agents of government, and to have gone unpunished.

ANTONIUS, Caius. A Roman, son of M. Antonius, the orator, and
brother of M. Antonius Creticus, the father of the triumvir. He was
originally in habits of very great intimacy with Catiline, and the arrange-
ment was that these two should stand for the consulship, and, if they

succeeded, commence, while in this high office, their plans of revolution.
Cicero defeated this scheme, and, being elected consul with Antonius for
his colleague, succeeded in detaching the latter from the conspiracy, and
from every other design formed against the state. He effected this de-
sirable object by yielding to Antonius the rich province of Macedonia,
which had fallen to his own lot. In the action between the forces of
Catiline and those of the republic, Antonius took no part, having been
prevented, according to Sallust, by a complaint in his feet. Dio Cassius,
however, states expressly, that he feigned illness on this occasion, through
fear of encountering the reproaches of Catiline, in case they should meet
in the fight. After the conspiracy was crushed, Antonius went to his
province of Macedonia, where he continued for two years, but, on his
return to Rome, he was brought to trial, and banished, for having been
guilty of extortion, and having made war beyond the limits of his pro-
vince, (Liv. Epit. 103.) He was a man of very dissolute habits, and
before he obtained the consulship had been expelled by the censors from
the senate for immoral conduct.

ASPAR. A Numidian, sent to the court of Bocchus by Jugurtha, to
obtain secret information respecting the intentions of the Mauretanian
king with respect to himself and the Roman people. He was outwitted
by Bocchus and Sylla, and the immediate consequence was the capture
of Jugurtha.

AURELIA ORESTILLA. A female of great beauty, but very corrupt prin-
ciples. Catiline offered her his hand in marriage, which she refused to
accept, because he had a son by a former marriage, arrived at man's
estate. To remove this obstacle Catiline put his son to death by ad-
ministering poison. (Compare Val. Max. 9, 1.)

AUTRONIUS, P. A Roman of senatorian rank, who became consul
elect, but afterwards lost the consulship on a charge of bribery. The
consequent disgrace in which this involved him led him very probably to
Join the party of Catiline. After the overthrow of that party he succeeded
in making his escape.

B.

BAEBIUS, C. A tribune of the commons, on whom Jugurtha prevailed,
by dint of bribery, to espouse his cause, and interpose his veto, when the
Numidian prince was summoned before the Roman people.

BELLIENUS, L. The Roman praetor at Utica, whom Marius summoned
to attend a council at Cirta, towards the end of the Jugurthine war.
According to some he was the maternal uncle of Catiline.

BESTIA, L. Calpurnius. A Roman nobleman, who held the consulship
with Scipio Nasica, B. C. 113. It fell to his lot to carry on the war in
Numidia against Jugurtha, where, however, he acquired no fame, but
was led by his avaricious feelings to receive a heavy bribe, and conclude
a disadvantageous and dishonourable peace with Jugurtha. He was
condemned under the Mamilian law, and died in exile. Besides the
charges brought against him by Sallust, Pliny the elder mentions that
M. Caecilius brought him to trial for poisoning at least two of his wives
by wolfsbane.

BOCCHUS. King of Mauretania, who betrayed Jugurtha into the hands
of the Romans. He obtained as the reward of his treachery the western
part of Numidia.

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