III. His rebus adducti, et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti, constituerunt ea, 'quæ ad proficiscendum pertinerent, comparare; jumentorum et carrorum quàm maximum numerum coëmere; 'sementes quàm maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret; cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmare. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt; in tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur: is sibi legationem ad civitates suscepit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico Catamantaledis filio, Sequano, cujus pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat, et à S. P. Q. R. amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum in civitate suâ occuparet, quod pater antè habuerat: itemque Dumnorigi duo, fratri Divitiaci, qui eo tempore principatum in civitate suâ obtinebat, ac maximè plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur, persuadet; eique filiam suam in matrimonium dat. " Perfacile factu esse" illis probat, "conata perficere; propterea quòd ipse suæ civitatis imperium obtenturus esset: non esse dubium, quin totius Galliæ plurimum Helvetii possent: se suis copiis, suoque exercitu, illis regna conciliaturum," confirmat. Hac oratione adducti, "inter se fidem et jusjurandum dant, et, regno occupato, per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos, totius Galliæ sese potiri posse sperant.

IV. 'Ea res ut est Helvetiis per indicfum enunciata, moribus suis Orgetorigem ex vinculis caussam dicere coëgerunt. "Damnatum pœnam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur. Die constitutâ caussæ dictionis, "Orgetorix ad judicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum millia decem, undique coëgit; et omnes clientes obæratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit: per eos, ne caussam diceret, se eripuit. Quum civitas, ob eam rem incitata, armis jus suum exequi conaretur, multitudinemque hominum ex -agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est; neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit.

V. Post ejus mortem nihilo minùs Helvetii id, quod constituerant, facere conantur, ut è finibus suis exeant. Ubi jam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata ædificia incendunt: frumentum omne, præter quod secum portaturi erant, comburunt ; ut, domum reditionis spe sublatâ, paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda essent: 13trium mensium molita cibaria sibi quemque domo

the dimensions, here assigned by Cæsar to Helvetia. The Passus of the Romans was nearly five feet, hence millia passuum was somewhat less than a mile.

1 Quæ ad proficiscendum pertinerent.] That might be requisite for the expedition.

2 Sementes quàm maximas facere.] To sow a very great extent of their ground.

3 In tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant.] By a law they fix their departure, in the third year after this resolve.

4 Cujus pater regnum in Sequanis, &c.] The sovereign authority was not generally hereditary in the several states of Gaul; but was conferred by the people on the person whom they judged most worthy thereof.

5 A. S. P. Q. R.] A Senatu populoque Romano. It was considered the greatest honour to be styled friend, by the Senate and people of Rome.

6 Perfacile factu esse illis probat.] He demonstrates to them that this enterprise could be easily accomplished.

7 Inter se fidem et jusjurandum dant.] They enter into a mutual contract confirmed by an oath.

11 Orgetorix ad judicium omnem suam familiam, &c.] Orgetorix collected all his ser

place appointed for the trial: there, likewise, he assembled all his numerous dependants and debtors. Oberatus properly signifies a debtor obligated to serve his creditor, until the debt was paid.

vants, about ten thousand in number, at the

12 Quum civitas, ob eam rem incitata, &c.] When the state, highly incensed at such conduct, was preparing to execute as law by force of arms.

13 Trium mensium molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre jubent.] They order

efferre jubent. Persuadent 'Rauracis, et "Tulingis, et 'Latobrigis finitimis, utì eodem usi consilio, oppidis suis vicisque exustis, unà cum iis proficiscantur: 'Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant, et in agrum Noricum transierant, Noricamque oppugnârant, receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt.

VI. Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus, domo exire possent: unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Juram, et flumen Rhodanum, quo vix singuli carri ducerentur; mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere possent: alterum per provinciam nostram, multò facilius atque expeditius, propterea quòd Helvetiorum inter fines, et Allobrogum, qui nuper P. R. pacați erant, Rhodanus fluit, isque nonnullis locis vado transitur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est, proximumque Helvetiorum finibus, "Geneva: ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. X Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quòd nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, existimabant; vel vi coacturos, ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis, diem dicunt, quâ die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. Is dies erat a. d. v. kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus.

VII. Cæsari quum id nunciatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari, maturat "ab urbe proficisci, et quàm maximis itineribus potest, in Galliam ulteriorem contendit, et ad Genevam pervenit. "Provinciæ toti quàm maximum militum numerum imperat; erat omnino in Galliâ ulteriore legio una; pontem, qui erat ad Genevam, jubet rescindi. Ubi de ejus adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis; cujus legationis Numeius et Verodoctius principem locum obtinebant: qui dicerent, "sibi esse in animo, sine ullo maleficio iter per Provinciam facere, propterea quòd aliud iter haberent nullum: rogare, ut ejus voluntate id sibi facere liceat." Cæsar, quòd memorià tenebat, "L. Cassium Consulem occisum, exercitumque ejus ab Helvetiis pulsum, et "sub jugum missum, concedendum non putabat ; neque homines inimico animo, datâ facultate per Provinciam itineris faciundi, temperaturos ab injuriâ et maleficio existimabat: tamen ut spatium intercedere posset, dum milites, quos imperaverat, convenirent, legatis respondit, " diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum; si quid vellent, 16a. d. Idus Aprilis reverterentur."

each person to carry with him a sufficient quantity of ground corn for three months.

1 Rauracis.] The Rauraci inhabited the district, which formed the canton of Basil.

2 Tulingis.] The Tulingi are supposed to have dwelt north of the Helvetii; near where the town of Stulingen now stands.

3 Latobrigis.] It is not known with certainty what district the Latobrigi inhabited. 4 Boiosque.] The Boii established themselves, by the permission of Cæsar, in the district which formed the province of Bourbonnois of the French kingdom. They are supposed to have been of Gallic origin.

5 Agrum Noricum.] Noricum was a country of ancient Illyricum, extending from the river Danube to the Alps.

6 Allobrogum.] The Allobroges inhabited part of the district which formed the late province of Dauphiny.

7 Geneva.] The present city of Geneva, in Switzerland.

8 A. d. v. kal. Apr.] Ante diem quintum Kalendas Aprilis, the twenty-eighth of March, reckoning inclusively.

9 L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus.] In

the six hundred and ninety-sixth year from the foundation of Rome.

10 Per provinciam nostram.] The Roman province in Gaul.

11 Ab urbe.] From the city of Rome.

12 Provinciato ti quàm maximum militum numerum imperat.] He ordered a great number of soldiers to be raised throughout the province.

13 Legio.] The Legion under Romulus consisted of 3000 foot and 300 horse; it was afterwards augmented to 4000, to 5000, and to upwards of 6000; in Cæsar's time, it did not exceed 4500 men.

14 L. Cassium Consulem.] This event occurred in the six hundred and forty-seventh year from the foundation of Rome, fortynine years prior to this eruption.

15 Sub jugum missum.] The following was the method of passing under the yoke. Two spears were fixed in the ground, to which a third was fastened: under this the conquered were forced to pass, after being deprived of their arms.

16 A. d. Idus Aprilis.] The day preceding

VIII. Interea eâ legione, quam secum habebat, militibusque, qui ex Provinciâ convenerant, à lacu Lemano, quem flumen Rhodanum influit, 'ad montem Juram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, millia passuum decem et novem, murum, in altitudinem pedum sexdecim, fossamque perducit. Eo opere perfecto, præsidia disponit, castella communit; quo faciliùs, si, se invito, transire conarentur, prohibere posset. Ubi ea dies, quam constituerat cum legatis, venit; et legati ad eum reverterunt; negat" se more et exemplo populi Romani posse iter ulli per Provinciam dare ; et si vim facere conentur, prohibiturum ostendit." Helvetii câ spe dejecti, navibus junctis, 'ratibusque compluribus factis, alii, vadis Rhodani, quà minima altitudo fluminis erat, nonnunquam interdiu, sæpiùs noctu, si perrumpere possent, conati, operis munitione, et militum concursu, et telis repulsi, hoc conatu destiterunt.

IX. Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, quì, Sequanis invitis, propter angustias ire non poterant. Iis quum suâ sponte persuadere non possent, legatos ad Dumnorigem Eduum mittunt, ut eo deprecatore à Sequanis hoc impetrarent. Dumnorix gratiâ et largitione apud Sequanos plurimum poterat ; et Helvetiis erat amicus, quòd ex câ civitate Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat; et cupiditate regni adductus, novis rebus studebat, et quamplurimas civitates suo sibi beneficio habere obstrictas volebat. Itaque rem suscipit ; et à Sequanis impetrat, ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur; obsidesque utì inter sese dent, perficit: Sequani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant: Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et injuriâ transcant.

X. Cæsari nunciatur, Helvetiis esse in animo per agrum Sequanorum et Eduorum inter in 'Santonum fines facere, qui non longè à "Tolosatium finibus absunt, quæ civitas est in Provincia. Id si fieret, intelligebat magno cum Provinciæ periculo futurum, ut homines bellicosos, populi Romani inimicos, locis patentibus maximèque frumentariis finitimos haberet. Ob eas caussas ei munitioni, quam fecerat, "T. Labienum legatum præfecit: ipse in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit, duasque ibi legiones conscribit, et tres, quæ circum "Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis educit: et quà proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum his quinque legionibus ire contendit Ibi 'Centrones et Graioceli, et "Caturiges, locis superioribus occupatis, itinere exerci tum prohibere conantur. Compluribus his præliis pulsis, ab "Ocelo, quod est "2citerioris Provinciæ extremum, in fines Vocontiorum ulterioris Provinciæ die septimo pervenit: inde in Allobrogum fines; ab Allobrogibus in "Segusianos exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra Provinciam trans Rhodanum primi.

ant-general. The Legati were appointed by the Senate to assist the general, with their counsel; and in his absence they supplied his place.

7 Aquileiam.] Aquileia was situated on the north of the Adriatic sea, and was destroyed by Attila.

8 Centrones.] The Centrones dwelt in the province of Tarentésia of Savoy.

9 Graioceli.] The Graioceli inhabited the district of Maurienne of Savoy.

10 Caturiges.] The Caturiges dwelt in the district which now forms the department of the Upper Alps.

11 Ocelo.] Now Exilles or Oux.

12 Citerioris Provincia.] That is, the province situated on the side of the Alps nearest Rome.

13 Vocontiorum.] The Vocontii dwelt in Provence of the French kingdom.

14 Segusianos.] The Segusiani inhabited the Lyonnois of the French kingdom.

XI. Helvetii jam per angustias, et fines Sequanorum, suas copias transdux erant, et in Æduorum fines pervenerant, eorumque agros populabantur. Ædui, quum se suaque ab his defendere non possent, legatos ad Cæsarem mittunt rogatum auxilium: "ita se omni tempore de populo Romano meritos esse, ut penè in conspectu exercitûs nostri, agri vastari, liberi eorum in servitutem abduci, oppida expugnari non debuerint.". Eodem tempore, quo Ædui, 'Ambarri quoque, 'necessarii et consanguinei Æduorum Cæsarem certiorem faciunt, "sese, depopulatis agris, non facilè ab oppidis vim hostium prohibere." Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos possessiones que habebant, fugâ se ad Cæsarem recipiunt, et demonstrant "sibi præter agri solum, nihil esse reliqui." Quibus rebus adductus Cæsar, non' expectandum sibi statuit, dum omnibus fortunis sociorum consumptis, in Santones Helvetii pervenirent.

XII. Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Æduorum et Sequanorum in Rhodanum influit incredibili lenitate, ita ut oculis, in utram partem fluat, judicari non possit: id Helvetii, ratibus ac 'lintribus junctis, transibant. Ubi per exploratores Cæsar certior factus est, tres jam copiarum partes Helvetios id flumen transduxisse, quartam verò partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam esse; 'de tertiâ vigiliâ cum legionibus tribus è castris profectus ad eam partem pervenit, quæ nondum flumen transierat: eos impeditos et inopinantes aggressus, magnam partem eorum concidit: reliqui sese fugæ mandârunt, atque in proximas silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus: nam omnis civitas Helvetia in quatuor pagos divisa est. Hic pagus unus, quum domo exîsset, patrum nostrorum memoriâ L. Cassium Consulem interfecerat, et ejus exercitum sub jugum miserat. Ita sive casu, sive consilio Deorum immortalium, quæ pars civitatis Helvetia insignem calamitatem populo Romano intulerat, ea princeps pœnas persolvit. Quâ in re Cæsar non solùm publicas, sed etiam privatas injurias ultus est; 'quòd ejus soceri L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini eodem prælio, quo Cassium, interfecerant.

XIII. Hoc prælio facto, reliquas copias Helvetiorum ut consequi posset, pontem in Arare faciendum curat, atque ita exercitum transducit. Helvetii repentino ejus adventu commoti, quum id quod ipsi diebus xx ægerrimè confecerant, ut flumen transirent, illum uno die fecisse intelligerent, legatos ad eum mittunt: cujus legationis Divico princeps fuit, qui bello Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat. Is ita cum Cæsare agit: "si pacem populus R. cum Helvetiis faceret, in eam partem ituros, atque ibi futuros Helvetios, ubi Cæsar constituisset, atque esse voluisset: sin bello persequi perseveraret, reminisceretur et veteris incommodi populi R. et pristinæ virtutis Helvetiorum. Quòd improvisò unum pagum adortus esset, quum ii, qui flumen transîssent, suis auxilium ferre non possent: ne ob eam rem, aut suæ magnopere virtuti tribueret, aut ipsos despiceret. Se

1 Ambarri.] The district inhabited by the Ambarri is not known; but is supposed to have been situated between the territory of the Edui and of the Allobroges.

2 Necessarii.] Allies, engaged mutually to support and assist each other.

3 Arar.] The river Saone falls into the Rhone at Lyons.

4 Lintribus.] Lintres were boats formed by excavating trunks of trees.

5 De tertià vi giliâ.] The night was divided by the Romans into four watches: the first commenced at sun-set; the third at midnight; the second at a period equally distant from sun-set and midnight; and the fourth at a period equally distant from midnight and sun-rise.

6 Is parus appellabatur Tigurinus.] The canton of Tigurinus is supposed to have been

situated in the district, of which the canton of Zurich now forms a part.

7 In quatuor pagos.] These four cantons were inhabited by the Urbigeni, Ambrones, Tugeni, and Tigurini.

8 Ea princeps pœnas persolvit.] It first suffered punishment.

9 Quòd ejus soceri L. Pisonis, &c.] Cæsar's first wife was Cornelia, Cinna's daughter, by whom he had Julia. At her death he married Pompeia, the daughter of Q. Pompey. Her he divorced, and married Calpurnia, daughter of the L. Piso here mentioned.

10 Qui bello Cassiano.] The above mentioned war, which ended in the defeat and capture of Cassius and his army by the Helvetii. It was customary with the Romans to give a war the appellation of the conquered.

ita à patribus majoribusque suis didicisse,"'ut magis virtute, quàm dolo contenderent, aut insidiis niterentur. Quare ne committeret, ut is locus, ubi constitissent, ex calamitate populi R. et internecione exercitûs nomen caperet, ac memoriam proderet."

XIV. His Cæsar ita respondit: 3" Eò sibi minus dubitationis dari, quòd eas res, quas legati Helvetii commemorâssent, memoriâ teneret; atque eò graviùs ferre, quò minùs merito populi R. accidissent; qui si alicujus injuriæ sibi conscius fuisset, non fuisse difficile cavere: 'sed eo deceptum, quòd neque commissum à se intelligeret, quare timeret, neque sine caussâ timendum putaret. Quòd si veteris contumelia oblivisci vellet; num etiam recentium injuriarum, quòd, eo invito, iter per Provinciam per vim tentâssent, quòd Æduos, quòd Ambarros, quòd Allobroges vexâssent, memoriam deponere posset? Quòd suâ victoriâ tam insolenter gloriarentur, quòdque tam diu se impunè tulisse injurias admirarentur, eodem pertinere. Consuêsse enim Deos immortales, quo graviùs homines ex commutatione rerum doleant, quos pro scelere eorum ulcisci velint, his secundiores interdum res, et diuturniorem impunitatem concedere. Quum ea ita sint, tamen si obsides ab iis sibi dentur, utì ea, quæ polliceantur, facturos intelligat ; et si Æduis de injuriis quas ipsis sociisque eorum intulerint, item si Allobrogibus satisfaciant, sese cum iis pacem esse facturum." Divico respondit: "Ita Helvetios à majoribus suis institutos esse, utì obsides accipere, non dare, consueverint: ejus rei populum R. esse testem." Hoc responso dato, discessit.

XV. Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem Cæsar facit, 'equitatumque omnem ad numerum quatuor millium, quem ex omni Provinciâ, et Æduis, atque eorum sociis coactum habebat, præmittit; qui videant, quas in partes hostes iter faciant: qui cupidiùs novissimum agmen insecuti, "alieno loco, cum equitatu Helvetiorum prælium committunt, et pauci de nostris cadunt. Quo prælio sublati Helvetii, quòd quingentis equitibus taxtam multitudinem equitum propulerant, audaciùs subsistere, nonnumquam ex novissimo agmine prælio nostros lacessere cœperunt. Cæsar suos à prælio continebat, ac satis habebat in præsentia hostem rapinis, pabulationibus, populationibusque prohibere. Ita dies circiter quindecim iter fecerunt, utì inter novissimum hostium agmen, et nostrum primum, non amplius quinis aut senis millibus passuum interesset.

XVI. Interim quotidie Cæsar Eduos frumentum, quod essent publicè polliciti, flagitare. Nam propter frigora (quòd Gallia sub Septentrionibus, ut antè dictum est, posita est) non modò frumenta in agris matura non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem satis magna copia suppetebat. Eo autem frumento, quod flumine Arare navibus subvexerat, propterea minùs uti poterat, quòd iter ab Arare Helvetii averterant; à quibus discedere nolebat. Diem ex die ducere

1 Ut magis virtute] Among the Gallic nations, the stratagems of war were seldom used; and that victory only was considered honourable, which was gained by open bravery.

2 Quare ne committeret.] Wherefore he should not, by his temerity and obstinacy, cause the place where they stood to take its name from the overthrow of the Roman people, and the destruction of his army; and thus to transmit his disgrace to posterity.

3 Eò sibi minus dubitationis dari.] That he was under the less hesitation what to do, because those things, which the Helvetian ambassadors had mentioned, were present to his mind, &c.

4 Sed eo deceptum, quòd neque commissum à se intelligeret, quare temeret.] But were en

snared, because they were not conscious of having committed any thing, that might be an occasion of fear, or suspicion to them.

5 Eodem pertinere.] To the same purpose,

or of the same nature.

6 Equitatumque omnem.] Cæsar's cavalry was composed of Gauls: his Romans were all foot soldiers.

7 Alieno loco, cum equitatu Helvetiorum prælium committunt.] They engaged with the cavalry of the Helvetii, on disadvantageous ground.

8 Diem ex die ducere Edui.] The Ædui put off bringing the corn, from day to day; saying, that they were gathering it up, that they were carrying it together, and that it was just ready.