quoniam, utinam, ubi, ne, where we should use and,' ' now,' or some other connecting particle. 831. c) Quod has often the meaning of ' as to what ;'' with reference to the circumstance, that,' &c. 832. d) In certain constructions with posse and licere, quod is used where we should use 6 as far as.' 833. Quod is used with verbs of the emotions or feelings with which the acc. and inf. is also used. Zumpt (as quoted in Part I. p. 168) says: quod, introducing the statement as a fact, is naturally better suited to the past than to the present; so that gaudeo quod scripsisti, is better than gaudeo te scripsisse: that with verbs of emotion or feeling (gaudeo, doleo, miror) the acc. with the inf. is the more common; with those that express the manifestation of such a feeling or emotion (laudo, reprehendo, accuso, misereor, gratias ago, gratulor, consolor), quod is preferred. Haase remarks, that this question still requires investigation: he observes that with quod the cause of the feeling is assumed as a fact ; and that the effect of the cause, the feeling, is the principal statement: whereas with the accusative and inf. less prominence is given to the feeling or its manifestation, and more to the cause. Queri quod C. Verr. i. 156: queri with acc. with inf. Verr. i. 151 (where too it is a past tense: pupillum-stetisse cum patruo questus est). Mirari quod, C. de Div. 11, 24: mirari acc. with inf. Divin. in Cæcil. 1; in Verr. i. 113: even angi animo with acc. and inf. C. Brut. 7. 834. After moleste, graviter, acerbe ferre, the acc. with infin. is far more common than quod: after gratias agere, and gratulari, only quod. 835. e) After accidit, evenit, &c. ut is generally used; but quod may also stand, when the thing that happened is assumed as a fact, and an opinion expressed about it; with ut the thing that happened is not assumed, but narrated. 836. Here too quod = ' with reference to the circumstance that :' it does not govern the subjunctive unless there is reference to a person's opinion; so that quod' with reference to the circumstance, that he (or they) thought so and so.' Thus accusare Socratem, quod corrumperet juventutem = to accuse him as to what they thought; namely, that he corrupted the young men. 837. After these verbs the acc. with inf. now and then occurs: e. g. nec enim acciderat mihi opus esse. C. Celeriter antecellere omnibus ingenii gloriâ contigit. C. Also quod is now and then found with verbs of knowing: equidem scio jam filius quod amet meus. Plaut. in nobismet ipsis intelligi qui potest, quod propter quampiam rem, verbi gratiâ propter voluptatem, nos amemus.' C. 838. a) 1. Coluntur tamen simulatione dumtaxat ad tempus. Quod Tarquinium dixisse ferunt, exsulantem se intellexisse, quos fidos amicos habuisset, quos infidos, quum jam neutris gratiam referre posset. C.-2. Male metuo, ne Philumena magis morbus adgravescat: quod (wherefore) te Esculapi, et te, Salus, ne quid sit hujus, oro. Ter. b) 1. Aut omnia deus fecit, quod negatis: aut omnia natura. Quod quoniam istud negatis, hoc necessario confitendum est. C.—2. Quod etsi ingeniis c) 1. Quod tibi parum videtur eruditus, ea causa est, quod, &c. C. [As to your thinking him, &c.]—2. Nam quod ait, sensibus ipsis judicari, voluptatem bonum esse, &c. d) 1. Cornelius, quod manu, quod voce poterat, monstrabat, vexilla se suorum, parmasque equitum videre. L.-2. Senatus censuit, ut, quod commodo reipublicæ facere posset, duos ceterosque populi Romani amicos defenderet. Cæs. e) 1. Thus 'accidit, quod non rediit' is not Latin: but bene (or commode) accidit, quod non rediit' is correct.-2. Accidit perincommode, quod eum nusquam vidisti. C.-3. Magna me spes tenet, judices, bene mihi evenire, quod mittar ad mortem. C. 3 Exercise 92. 5 839. It happened very unluckily, that you had changed your money. He answered, that unless he departed1 and removed his army from that country, he would look upon him not as a friend, but as an enemy: and that, if he killed him, he should confer a great obligation upon many nobles and distinguished individuals amongst the people of Rome. Every time that Hannibal fought with the Romans in Italy, he won the battle, and unless he had been weakened at home by the envy of his fellowcitizens, it would seem || probable that he might have conquered the Romans. As to his appearing to you a || sciolist, the reason is, that he cannot || express his thoughts in words. It happened luckily that you had || translated the whole passage || word for 6 4 word from the Greek. It happened that he did not || hear this correctly. All who come from your neighbourhood', complain || unanimously, that you are very difficult of access. No one has admired an orator for speaking good || Latin. The Senate passed a vote, that as far as could be done with benefit to the state, the price of corn should be lowered. This I am surprised at, that you do not consider Lucilius to have had critical ears for the times when he lived 10. Neither11 the soldiers, considering that they were tired 12, nor the cavalry, considering they were few and exhausted 13, were deficient in valour, and readiness to fight 14. $90. Quod, quia; quoniam : quando; quandoquidem. 840. Quia * ubique certam veramque causam exponit, quare quid fiat, vel fieri debeat (quare quid existimes, &c.); quoniam autem (quod factum est ex quom jam) adhærentem temporis significationem habet, et magis occasionem opportunitatemque adducit, quare jam quid faciendum (credendum) putes.' (Frotscher.) = 841. Thus quia introduces the real and primary cause ( because,' öri, parceque): quoniam the ground and occasion (=' since,' ' as,' éπεi, puisque). Hence with quia we state what immediately causes the action, with quoniam we describe the circumstance which leads to or occasions it, and that as a completed and undeniable fact. Quod (= 'in so far as') brings two relations into connexion, which connexion may be a causal one. (a) Hence the cause perceived and held to be the true one by ourselves (quia) is sometimes opposed to a ground, that is alleged by another, or merely supposed (quod).-(b) Hence too quod is used with the subjunctive to state the apparent ground, in connexion with quia, that states the real ground. (c) Thus quod is found with the subjunctive more frequently than quia, especially of past time. (H.) (d) Quod has, however, often the objective meaning of quia. * Quia from an obsol. plural ques, to which quibus belongs; as tria from tres. 842. It may be added that quod is more subjective than quia; i. e. that it is more frequently used than quia when the cause alleged is referred to the mind whether of the speaker or of the person spoken of. Thus quod is the regular word to denote a cause, that is also the object of the preceding verb, where we generally use that' (cum verbis affectuum : e. g. gaudeo quod vales): so with verbs of accusing: and this reference to the mind (i. e. this frequent subjectivity) accounts for the more frequent occurrence of quod with the subjunctive, than of quia. Quod too is used by preference (I think) when there is that kind of close relation between the clause with quod and the principal clause, which Hand calls a relation of' inherence.' Quia states the cause more independently. [On ideo, idcirco *, propterea with quod, quia, see p. 146, 682, 689. An example of eo quod occurs in a, 2.] 843. e) When a ground is rejected as not the true one, non quia, quod, quoniam, (= 'not as if,'' not because') are used with the subjunctive; except when they are rejected very positively, as certainly not the true grounds. 844. f) Quando (when), (g) quandoquidem, are also sometimes nearly since.' (h) Siquidem, or rather si quidem, ' if indeed ;' 'if that is,' also sometimes approaches this meaning.' 845. A temporis notione ad caussæ transitur, siquidem quod certo aliquo tempore fit, pro caussâ habetur alius rei instituendæ. Totum tamen hunc usum Ciceroni abjudicat Ed. Wunderus quando ubique ex quoniam corruptum esse contendens. Apud historicos vero haud raro ita legitur.' Kritz. 846. a) 1. Concedo, et quod animus æquus est, et quia necesse est. C.-2. Nec ille Lælius eo dictus est sapiens, quod non intelligeret, quid suavissimum esset, sed quia parvi id duceret. C.-3. Quia, quoniam post mortem nihil est mali, ne mors quidem est malum. C. b) Nec hæc idcirco omitto, quod non gravissima sint, sed quia nunc sine teste dico. C. c) Noctu ambulabat in publico Themistocles, quod somnum capere non posset. Nep. [as a supposition. Hand. Why not rather as a reason alleged by himself?] d) Hanc pecuniam quod solvere in præsentia non poterat, in vincula publica conjectus est. Nep. e) 1. Reliqua orationis quasi lumina similia sunt illis, quæ in amplo ornatu scenæ aut fori appellantur insignia; non quod sola ornent, sed quod excellent. C.-2. Majores nostri in dominum de servo quæri noluerunt, non quia non posset verum inveniri, sed quia videbatur indignum, et * Zumpt remarks: quia, et non idcirco si animadvertere volueris, veteres potissimum idcirco quod invenies dixisse, quorum alterum ad rem factam, alterum ad cogitatam pertinet.' (Ad Cic. Verr. p. 571.) I doubt this: at all events in p. 148, p), q), are examples of ideo-quod: idcirco quod. Quando being written in MSS. qn or qno: quoniam, qm. dominis morte ipsâ tristius. C.-3. Utar oratione perpetuâ, non quoniam hoc sit necesse, verum ut experiar, &c. C.-4. · Ælius Sextius egregie cordatus et catus fuit, et ab Ennio dictus est, non quod ea quærebat, quæ numquam inveniret, sed quod, &c. C. f) 1. Id omitto, quando vobis ita placet. S.-2. Quid prælia enumerem, quando res plus valent quam verba? S.-3. Quando te id video desiderare. C. Fin. 5, 23. g) tale est illud ipsum honestum : quandoquidem honestum aut ipsa virtus est, aut res gesta cum virtute. C. h) Næ ista gloriosa sapientia non magno æstimanda est, siquidem non multum differt ab insaniâ. C. 4 Exercise 93. 5 847. Since this is apparently a fundamental law of nature, it should certainly be observed by all. Do you then deny that Æsop, the fabulist, invented many fables, admirably for those times1? You indeed, since you are reconciled to Pompey, seem to me to have avoided the impending storm. I do not like to enumerate what possessions2 I have been robbed of, not only because you are not ignorant of this, but that I may not tear open the wound of my sorrow, that is now beginning to heal. This does not much disturb me3: for I am not afraid that, merely because grateful persons are very-rarely found, their saying I am too grateful to him, will by any possibility be considered a serious accusation against me. When Septimius was at my house, his appetite being bad, he used to get an appetite by walking. If this were not plain from reason, we should believe it on the authority of examples since it is well known that Pericles was a pupil of Anaxagoras, the natural philosopher, and that Demosthenes, the first of all the orators of Greece, attended the lectures of Plato. It was not 10 your not having written any letter to me, that deterred me from writing to you, but because, in this my misery 11, I found nothing to write. I beseech you, by that right-hand, which you extended to me, when you were my guest12, to grant me this permission. I for one would wish to know what that ||fundamental notion is, which you attach to the word virtue. This I promise you from experience, that if you take the risk upon yourself, you will confer a great obligation upon him. I have learnt. from my own experience, that his father was always most friendly to me. I have || presumed to || recapitulate what has been said. 2 res. 3 conturbare. 4 perraro. 1 Df. 65. 11 dicant. 5 quum me sed. 7 apud me. 11 in tantis 8 physicus. 9 dare operam alicui. 10 non ea res malis. 12 hospes hospiti. PART II. |