ii. I in latrocinium.

ii. 20, 29 in spem.

i. 31 in nostri consulatus tempus.

(2) 'against' i. 3 in te.

(3) of time, 'to,' 'for.' i. 22 in posteritatem.

i. 30 in perpetuum.

ii. 13 in proximam (noctem).

Cf. i. 5 in dies, 'day by day.'

Inter, 'among.' ii. 25 inter se 'with one another.'

i. 8 inter falcarios =

makers.'

in the street of the scythe

Per (1) 'through,' of passing through.

i. 28 per omnes gradus.

ii. 7 per hosce annos.

(2) by means of.' i. 11 per me = 'by my own resources.' ii. 7 per illum.

Pras, 'in comparison with.' ii. 5 prac Gallicanis legionibus.

SOME ADVERBS.

Adeo after atque, to express a climax.

i. 5 intra moenia atque adeo in senatu.

ii. 27 qui in urbe remansērunt atque adeo qui..... a Catilina relicti sunt.

Usque: (1) with ad, all the way,' 'right up.'

i. 21 usque ad portas.

(2) as a preposition. i. I quo usque

Tandem: (1) 'at length.'

=

'up to what point?'

i. 18, 25 tandem aliquando; so ii. 1.

(2) emphasizing commands or questions. i. 1, 8, 16, 28.

Immo vero, 'nay, more." i. 2, ii. 22.

Utinam (in sentences expressing wish == 'O that'; the verb is always in Subj.)

i. 22 utinam tibi istam mentem di immortales duint ! ii. 4 utinam ille omnes secum suas copias eduxisset!

Non modo. ne... quidem.

The negative in ne quidem, when the predicate is common to both clauses, often extends its influence over the clause beginning with non modo.

ii. 20 ut... ista non modo homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse videantur, 'so that I think not only men are not (supply non from ne quidem) likely to put up with such things, but not even brute beasts.

A simple method of translation is to render non modo by 'I do not say,' or to take the ne quidem clause first and translate non modo by much less.'

So in ii. 21 ul non modo ciritas, sed ne ricini quidem proximi sentiant, so that not even their nearest neighbours feel the shock, much less the State.'

i. 25 numquam tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti, 'you have never desired, I do not say peace, you have never even desired war save an unhallowed one.'

...

ii. 8 nemo non modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo .. fuit, quem non ... asciverit, 'there was no one even in the remotest corner of the whole of Italy, much less at Rome, whom he ...'

Note that in these last two instances the introducing negatives numquam and nemo are not cancelled by the following negatives in non modo (non), and ne quidem; the negative force is merely repeated.

Iam diu, iam dudum, iam pridým: (1) with Pres. Tense. i. Ia te iam dudum hortor.

i. 31 iam diu in his periculis verɛamur.

ii. at iam pridem premuntur.

(a) with Past Tense.

i. a ad mortem te duci iam pridem oportebat; cf. ii. 3. ii. iam pridem Catilinam sustulissem.

Cénique: (1) with tum = 'then, and then only!

i. 5 tum denique interficière.

(a) closing a series of propositions a word.'

i. 11, 3a, ii. 1, 12, 25.

'lastly,' 'in short,' 'in

SOME CONJUNCTIONS.

Ut (a) with Subj. (1) expressing consequence (Consecutive).

i. at facile adducam ut .

ii. 6 ut... videretis.

...

prosequantur.

(a) expressing purpose (Final). i. 18 ut . . . desinam. ·

(3)

With verbs of asking, &c.

i. 19 ut te adservarem rogasti.

i. aa non est postulandum ut, &c.
'as if,' 'the idea that.'

i. 22 te ut ulla res frangat, &c.

...

ii. 2 ut voluit.

='s far as.' i. 18 ut potui.

Cum: (a) with Indic., to express identity of time or of action (often connected with tum).

(1) with tum.

i. 5 tum denique interficière, cum nemo... inveniri
poterit.

i. 7 tum cum multi profugerunt.

(2) without tum. i. 7 cum... dicebas.

i. 21 cum quiescunt, probant, &c.

ii. 1 cum est ex urbe expulsus.

... coniecimus.

ii. I cum...

(b) with Subj. (1) (in narrative) = 'when' (with Past Tenses). i. 19 cum a me id responsum tulisses.

ii. 12 quo cum Catilina venisset,

(a) in Causal clauses

(3)

=

'because,' 'since.'
i. 10, 20, ii. 26 quae cum ita sint.
ii. 13 cum scirem.

=

'though,' 'while all the time.' ii. 9 cum... consumeret.

Simul atque, 'as soon as'; with Indic.

i. 16 simul atque adsedisti.

ii. 12 simul atque ire in exilium iussus est.

Dum modo, 'provided that'; always with the Subj.

i. 10 dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit.
ii. 15 dum modo eat in exilium.

Concessive Conjunctions.

Etsi, tametsi, 'although'; with the Indic. i. 22 tametsi video.
Quamquam, always with Indic. (1) although' (generaliy
followed by tămen).

i. 18 quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potui,
tuli.

ii. 27 illos..

quamquam sunt hostes, tamen

monitos etiam atque etiam volo.

(2) when not in a Subordinate Clause i. 22 quamquam quid loquor?

=

and yet.'

ii. 16 quamquam isti non tam hoc queruntur quam

verentur.

Causal.

Quod, quia, quoniam, quando, 'since,' 'because,' take the
Indic.

i. 11, ii. 17, 27; i. 12, ii. 11, 22.

Cum, 'since' (see on cum).

APPENDIX B

FIGURES OF SPEECH, &c.

Hendiadys (one idea expressed by means of tico).
i. 4 mors ac rei publicae poena.

i. 21 vim et manus, 'violent hands.'
i. 31 nestu febrique.

Zeugma (connexion of a verb or adj. with two words or clauses, to both of which it does not equally belong).

ii. 11 et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent. Prolepsis (when an adj. is not a mere epithet, but derives its meaning from the result of the verb; c.g. distinguish 'he painted the white house' from 'he painted the house white').

ii. a cruentum; incolumes; stantem.

i. 16, ii. 12 nudam. atque inanem.

ii. 6 miserum.

ii. 14 ducem; cf. i. 10 imperatorem. Asyndeton (omission of connecting links).

i. 2 senatus intellegit, consul videt.

i. 10 patent portae, proficiscere. (Nearly all Chapter V
of Speech I is an example of asyndeton, the most striking
instance being: non feram, non patiar, non sinam.)
i. 20 patiuntur, tacent.

ii. I abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit.

ii. 12 paruit, ivit.

Oxymoron (close connexion of words which are in violent contrast).

i. 18 tacita loquitur (where the expression is softened by quodam modo).

ii. 5 ex agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus.

Simile (illustration by a comparison).

i. 4 tamquam in vagina reconditum.

i. 31 ut saepe homines aegri, &c.

Metaphor (= condensed simile).

i. 9 voce vulnero; cf. i. 17.

i. 12 exhaurietur sentina; cf. ii. 7.

i. 23 and 25 conflare (metaphor from smelling melal).

i. 29 invidiae incendio conflagraturum.

i. 29 redundaret (from the overflow of a stream).
i. 30 naufragos; cf. ii. 24.

APPENDIX A

NOUNS.

Diminutives: (1) as term of endearment. i. 9 lectülus. (2) as term of contempt. i. 13 adulescentülus.

ii. 23 muliercula.

Some uses of the Cases illustrated.

Accusative: (1) of exclamations. i. 2 0 tempora, o mores! ii. 7 O fortunatam rem publicam !

(a) of motion to. ii. 16 Massiliam.

(3) of cxtent over time. i. 4 vicesimum diem.

(4) Adverbial. i. 1 nihil (te moverunt). i. 10 id temporis. ii. a foras.

Dative: (1) of Remote Object.

(a) (with Transitive Verbs)

Io viris. i. 11 Iovi. i. 20

fugae solitudinique. ii. 14 populo Romano.

(b) (with Intransitive Verbs) i. a rei publicae satis facere. i. 3 novis rebus studentem.

(with desum) i. 3; (insidior) i. 26, 32, ii. 10; (credo)

(3) of Agent.

(a) (with the Gerundive) i. 17 tibi.

(b) (with Passive Participle) i. 17 meis civibus suspectum. ii. 13 ei.

(4) of the Person for whose interest (sometimes, wrongly, called Dat. of Agent).

i. 16 qui tibi ad caedem constituti fuerunt.

(5) Possessor. ii. 6 lenitati.

(6) Ethic. ii. 4 Tongilium mihi eduxit.