ii. at si stare non possunt, corruant (ef. ii. 11 exspectent).

OBS. 2.-An exclamation may take the place of a Future Indicative in the Apodosis.

ii. 7 0 fortunatam rem publicam si hanc sentinam viecerit ! (cf. ii. 10 O nos beatos.)

OBS. 3.-In Oratio Ob'iqua (after a Present Tense) the Ful. Indic. after si becomes the Pres. Subj.

ii. at non intellego cur minore dolore perituros se cum
multis quam si soli pereant arbitrentur. Here the
direct form would be si soli peribunt.

In Oratio Obliqua the Fut. Perf. Indic. after si becomes Perf.
Subj. after a Present Tense, Piuperf. Subj. after a Past
Tense.

ii. 4 cum viderem, si illum morte multassem, fore ut
socios persequi non possem. In direct form si mul-
tassem would be si multavero, and fore ut non possem
would become non potero.

RULE II.

If the verb in the Apcdosis is in the Subjunctive, the verb in the Protasis is in the Subjunctive.

(N.B. The Pres. Subj. with si refers to some imaginary act in

the immediate present or future; the Imperf. and Pluperf. Subj. with si can never refer to future time, and imply that the supposition is a false one.)

(a) with Pres. Subj. in both clauses.

i. 19 haec si tecum patria loquatur, nonne impetraro debeat? (If your country were to make this appeal to you, would it not have a right to...?')

ii. 25 nonne si hominum studia deficiant, di ipsi cogant? (b) with Imperf. Subj. in both clauses.

i. 17 servi si me metuerent, domum meam relinquendam putarem (If my slaves feared me (which they do not),' &c.).

Other examples in i. 17, ii. 10, 12.

(e) with Pluperf. Subj. in both clauses (referring to an action supposed, but falsely, to have occurred in past time).

i. at si hoc P. Sestio dixissem, iam mihi senatus vim et manus intulisset.

(d) Sometimes the sense requires a difference of tense in the two

clauses.

(1) Si with Imperf. Subj. followed by Pluperf. Subj.

i. 29 si hoc optimum factu iudicarem ... non dcdisscm,

'If I had thought (referring to a continuous act in the past) I would not have given' (referring to a completed act in the past).

ii. 3 si... iudicarem. . . sustulissem.

(a) Si with Piuperf. Subj. followed by Imperf. Subj.

i. 30 si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter factum esse dicerent, If I had punished him, they would (now) say.'

Other examples in ii. 15, 16, 18.

OBSERVATIONS ON RULE II.

CBS. I.-Just as in English the Subjunctive is expressed by auxïiary verbs such as would, could, should, may, so in Latin the Subjunctive of the Apodosis is often replaced by an equivalent expression in the Indicative, such as the use of (a) possum, debeo, &c., with the Infinitive; (b) the Gerundive with sum; (c) the Fut. Participle with sum. ii. 25 si contendero velimus, intellegere possumus (where intellegere possumus = intellegamus).

OBS. 2.-Sometimes the proper balance of Apodosis and Protasis is urset by the interpolation of some idea which makes the Apodosis a Dependent clause.

i. 29 quodsi ea (invidia) maximo impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam putarem. Here the real condition was, however much such cdium threatened me, still odium thus incurred would be a distinction' (= si... impenderet, invidia virtute parta gloria esset); but another idea is allowed to intrude (hoc animo fui ut putarem, 'I have always been disposed to think '), and the real Apodosis thus retires into the background of a Dependent clause.

APPENDIX D

The earliest and most natural attempt of a nation to measure time is by the phases of the moon, i.e. to use lunar months; but all nations have been quick to discover the inconvenience of such a system, and the difficulty of adapting it to the solar year. The calendar in use in Cicero's time was one which was probably drawn up by the Decemviri (B C. 451); it consisted of twelve months-four of 31 days,

seven of 29 days, and one of 28 days-altogether 355 days, i.c. ten and a quarter days short of the solar year. To supply the deficiency, an extra month was to bo intercalated every other year, consisting of 22 or 23 days'. This intercalation was entrusted to the Pontifices, who, not only from carelessness, but also for private and political purposes, abused their trust, and curtailed or prolonged the year as they pleased; the people could not tell whether the intercalation was to bo made or not, and we find even Cicero in his letters complaining more than once of his uncertainty as to the state of the calendar. On an average, the tendency had been for the error to be one of excess.

By B. C. 63 the Roman Calendar was more than two months behind the solar year, and ceased to be of any use as a guide to the seasons; when it was mid-winter, and the date ought to have been January 1, the Romans were still in the middle of October.

After B.C. 63 the additional month seems very rarely to have been inserted, so that the above error was gradually wiped out', and in B.c. 56 the calendar and the solar year actually coincided; but in the next year the error had gono over to the other side, and by B. C. 46 the Roman Calendar was about ninety days in advance, i. e. when the date ought to have been Jan. 1, the Roman calendar had nominally reached March, and winter came in the months associated with spring, and autumn in the winter months-a discrepancy as great as if we in England were to find ourselves celebrating Christmas when all the leaves were still on the trees.

In B.C. 46 Caesar reformed the calendar. He found it necessary to add ninety days, to the year 46, in order that Jan. 1, B.C. 45, might coincide with the beginning of the solar year. The year henceforth consisted of 365 days, with an additional day every four years. This, the Julian Calendar, with but very slight alterations3, has been generally adopted by the civilized world.

1 The year thus would consist of more than 366 days, hence confusion was bound to follow.

2

e. g. in B. C. 63, Jan. 1 came on what was really March 14; after 355 days, Jan. 1, B. C. 62, was reached; hence it fell ten days earlier, and came on what was really March 4, and so on.

3 The Julian year consists of 365 days, which exceeds the true solar year by about eleven minutes. By A. P. 1582 this slight error amounted to ten days; Pope Gregory XIII ordered ten days to be dropped, and three leap years to be omitted every 400 years, England adopted the Gregorian Calendar in 1752, by dropping eleven days in September.

VOCABULARY

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