Paleontology and Modern Biology

actual amphibia angular animal Aphaneramma Archegosaurus articular articulation attached backward basioccipital basisphenoid body bony border brachyopid brain branchial arches Capitosaurus capsule Captorhinus Carboniferous cartilage cavity character Coal Measure cranial Cyclotosaurus cynodonts dentary dermal bones dorsal Dwinasaurus elasmosaur embolomerous Eogyrinus epipterygoid Eryops evidence evolution evolutionary changes existence exoccipital extremely fact fenestra ovalis FIGURE fish forward fossil genes gill slit gorgonopsids groove head hinder hyoid arch ichthyostegid intercentrum interpterygoid vacuities known Kotlassia L.Perm labyrinthodonts later lower jaw Lower Permian mammal-like reptiles mammals mandibular mechanical membrane bones mouth muscles musculature neck nerve neural arch nostril occipital condyle ossified otic notch outer paddles palate parasphenoid paroccipital pelycosaurs Permian plesiosaurs posterior primitive pterygoid quadrate reflected lamina Romer scapula seems segmentation Seymouria shoulder girdle shown side similar skeleton skull roof species specimens spiracle squamosal stapes structure surface tabular Trias Triassic tympanic membrane upper ventral vertebrates whole