period-Sweden-Conquest of Pomerania and Fall of Stralsund-Reasons which led to the Copenhagen Expedition-Its decisive and important success-Sensation which exited in Europe-Soon justified by the conduct of Napoleon to Portugal-Arguments for and against the Expedition in Parliament-Rupture of Russia with England-And cordial Accession of Denmark to the League against Great BritainAfairs of Russia and Turkey, and Renewal of the War between them-Further Encroachments of France on Holland, Germany, and Italy-Danger of England, and ast importance of the blow against the designs of Napoleon already struck by the Copenhagen Expedition.-P. 442-512.

CHAPTER XLIX.

PROXIMATE CAUSES OF THE PENINSULAR WAR.

Early formation of ambitious designs by Napoleon against the Monarchs of the Peninsula-Which are approved of by Alexander at Tilsit-Commencement of the French Intrigues at Madrid and Lisbon, as soon as Napoleon returns to Paris-Character of the leading Political Characters in the Peninsula-Secret Treaty of Fontainblean between Napoleon and Charles IV.-Napoleon's perfidious designs against both the Peninsular Thrones-Expedition of Junot into Portugal-Seizure of Lisbon, and Embarkation of the Royal Family there for the Brazils-Occupation of the whole country by Napoleon, in defiance of the Treaty of Fontainbleau-Progress of the Intrigues in Spain-Arrest of Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias-Entrance of the French troops into Spain, and seizure of its frontier fortresses-The Prince of Peace seeing himself outwitted, prepares for war- Tumult at Aranjuez and abdication of Charles IV.-Continued advance of the French troops, and their entry into Madrid-Napoleon comes to Bayonne-Whither by his advice the Prince of Asturias also comes-And is followed by Charles IV., the Queen, and the Prince of Peace-Treacherous conduct of the French Emperor to all these parties--Ferdinand is forced and Charles IV. induced to resign their rights to the Spanish crown-Tumult at Madrid-Prodigious sensation which it excites throughout the Peninsula-Napoleon confers the crown of Spain on his brother Joseph-Assembly of Notables at Bayonne-Reflections on the unparalleled fraud and duplicity of the French Emperor in these proceedings.-P. 513-623.

CHAPTER L.

CAMPAIGN OF 1808 IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.

Political character and situation of the Spanish and Portuguese nations, and physical conformation of the country they inhabit-Causes which have led to this peculiar and durable character-Church-Army-And Civil Government-Strength, discipline, and character of the French army at this period-And of the BritishSpanish and Portuguese-Commencement of the insurrection in Spain-Its universal

character, and partial sanguinary excesses-Constitution of Bayonne, and proceedings of the Spanish grandees there-Arrival of Joseph at Madrid-Debates on the Spanish war in the British Parliament, and universal joy in the British Isles-Operations of the French in Castile and Arragon-Battle of Rio Seco-Unsuccessful Siege of Saragossa-Defeat of Moncey at Valencia-Surrender of Dupont in Andalusia-Defeats of the French in Catalonia and at Gerona-Retreat of Joseph and the French troops from Madrid and all parts of Spain behind the Ebro-Insurrection in PortugalOperations of Junot there-Expedition of Sir A. Wellesley to its shores-Action of Roliga-Battle of Vimeira and Convention of Cintra-Senseless clamour in Great Britain on the subject-Advance of the English army under Sir John Moore into Spain-Interview of Napoleon and Alexander at Erfurth-Its secret objects--Vast forces which he sends into the Peninsula-Great conscription in France-Arrival of Napoleon on the Ebro-Winter campaign in the north of Spain-Battles of EspinosaBurgos-Tudela-and dispersion of the Spanish armies-Forcing of the Somo-Sierra Pass and fall of Madrid-Napoleon's arrival there-Advance of Sir John Moore to Sahagun-Rapid march of Napoleon to surround him-Important effects of this movement-Retreat to Corunna, and hardships undergone by the troops during it-Battle of Corunna, and death of Sir John Moore-Reflections on the campaign, and the important consequence of his operations.-P. 624-881.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

CHAPTER XLIV.

CAMPAIGN OF EYLAU.

DEC. 1806.-MARCH 1807.

ARGUMENT.

Advance of the French and Russians to the Vistula-Military Preparations of Russia -Composition and Character of her Armies-Imprudent Division of their force by the invasion of Turkey-Embarrassment of Napoleon on the Polish question-Argu. ment in favour of the Restoration of Poland-Argument on the other side against interfering in their concerns-Napoleon adopts a middle course, and rouses only Prussian Poland-His dubious bulletins on the subject-He proposes to Austria to exchange Gallicia for Silesia, which is refused- His strong declarations in favour of Turkey-His proclamation to his soldiers on the Anniversary of Austerlitz-Its great effset-Formation of the Temple of Glory at Paris-Secret designs of Napoleon in the construction of this edifice-Vast efforts of Napoleon to recruit his Army, and secure his flanks and rear-Enormous contributions levied on all the conquered StatesPositions of the French on the Vistula- And of the Russians-Their dispositions, and evacuation of Warsaw-They resume the offensive-Proclamation of Alexander to the Soldiers-Application for aid in men and money to England-Its impolitic refusal -Advance of Napoleon to Warsaw-General enthusiasm there-He resumes the offensive against the Russians-Forcing of the passage of the Ukra by the FrenchKamenskoi loses his presence of mind, and orders the sacrifice of his Artillery-Objeet of Napoleon in these movements-Description of the field at Pultusk, and of the positions of the hostile bodies there-Battle of Pultusk-Which turns out to the disadvantage of the French-Combat of Golymin-Its doubtful issue-Napoleon stops his advance, and puts his army into winter quarters-The Russians also go into Cantonments-Results of the winter campaign, and impression which it produces in Europe-Positions of the French army in its winter quarters-Napoleon's measures to provide food and secure his Cantonments-Successive reduction of the Fortresses in Silesia-Capture of Brieg and Schweidnitz, and total conquest of Silesia-Opera.

tions on the left towards Pomerania and Dantzic-And of Marmont in Illyria- Napo-
leon's efforts to stimulate the Turks to vigorous resistance-Delightful winter quarters
of the French at Warsaw-Enthusiastic reception which they there experienced from
the Polish Women-Kamenskoi goes mad-Benningsen assumes the command of the
Russian army, and advances against Bernadotte-His rapid march towards Konigsberg,
and surprise of Ney's corps--Bernadotte, attacked near Mohrungen, escapes with
difficulty-Graudentz is relieved, and the French left wing driven back by the Russians
-Extraordinary energy of Napoleon in re-assembling his army-He marches to the
rear of Benningsen, who discovers his design and falls back-The French pursue the
Russians, who at length resolve to give battle-Combat of Landsberg-And of Leib-
stadt and retreat of Lestocq-Relative forces on both sides-Bloody combats around
Eylau the day before the battle-Anxious situation of both armies during their night
bivouac-Description of the field of battle, and the distribution of either army-Posi-
tions of the French forces-Battle of Eylau-Defeat of Augereau-Imminent danger
of Napoleon-Grand Charge by the Cavalry and Imperial Guard on the Russian centre
-Great success of Davoust on the French right-Benningsen throws back his left to
arrest the evil-Lestocq at length appears on the Russian right, and restores the
battle-Schloditten is carried by Ney, and retaken by Benningsen-Who, contrary to
the opinion of his officers, resolves to retreat-Results of the battle-Losses on both
sides-Aspect of the field of battle on the following day-Inactivity and losses of the
French after the battle-Napoleon calls in all his reinforcements and proposes peace
to Prussia- Which is refused by that power-Napoleon retreats, and goes into Can-
tonments on the Passage-The Russians advance, and also go into Cantonments-
Both parties claim the victory at Eylau-Operations of Essen against Savary-Combat
of Ostrolenka-Immense sensation excited by the battle of Eylau over Europe-Uni-
versal consternation at Paris on the news being received of Eylau-Napoleon demands
a third conscription since the 14th October 1806-Great activity of Napoleon to repair
his losses-Extreme danger of his situation at this juncture-Ruinous effect of the
surrender of the Prussian Fortresses-Observations on the Military movements of
both parties.

XLIV.

French and

THE campaign of Jena had destroyed the power CHAP. of Prussia; inconsiderate valour had yielded to overwhelming force and skilful combination; with more 1806. justice the King than the people could say with FranAdvance cis I. at Pavia, Tout est perdu fors l'Honneur. But of the Russia was still untouched; and while her formidRussians able legions remained unsubdued, the war, so far from being completed, could hardly be said to have seriously commenced:-Napoleon felt this; on the Trebia, at Novi, at Diernstein, and Austerlitz, the French had experienced the stern valour of these northern warriors; and he counted the hours, as the mortal con

to the

Vistula.

XLIV.

flict approached, which was to bring either universal CHAP. empire or irreparable ruin in its train. Nor were the Russians less desirous to commence the struggle. 1806. Confident in the prowess of their arms-proud of the steady growth of an empire, the frontiers of which have never yet receded, and which its meanest peasant believes is one day to subdue the world-they anticipated a glorious result from their exertions, and, without underrating the forces of their opponents, indulged a sanguine hope that the North would prove the limits of their power, and that while they repelled them from their own frontiers, they would afford the means of liberation to oppressed Europe. The severity of a Polish winter could not deter these undaunted combatants: Eager for the conflict, both their mighty hosts approached the Vistula; and, at a period of the year when some respite is usually given in ordinary war to suffering humanity, commenced a new campaign, and advanced through a snowy wilderness to the bloody fields of PreussichEylau.

prepara

Alexander had displayed the greatest activity in repairing the losses which his army had sustained in Military the campaign of Austerlitz. Thirty fresh squa-tions of drons and fifty-one battalions had been added to its Russia, amount, all the chasms occasioned by the casualties of war supplied, and the new French organization into divisions universally adopted. Nor was this all-anxious to rouse the religious enthusiasm of his

• The Russian army was divided into eighteen divisions, each of which was composed of six regiments of infantry, ten squadrons of heavy cavalry, ten of light, two batteries of heavy cannon, three of light or horse artillery, and a company of pioneers; in all for each, eighteen battalions, twenty squadrons, and seventy-two pieces of cannon; about 12,000 men. The army was thus divided—