ing. 4. sēque, etc.: they maintained both themselves and their government.' 6. vindicatum est in: 'punishment was inflicted on.'

7. tardius: 'too tardily; modifies excesserant. Sallust gives an account of the punishment of A. Manlius Torquatus for this offence; see 48, 23-27. Another instance is found in the Second Samnite War, B.C. 327-304, when Q. Fabius Maximus, in the absence of the commander-in-chief, Papirius, engaged in battle with the enemy in direct violation of orders, and won a great victory. Papirius immediately sentenced him to be executed. Fortunately for Fabius, he was rescued by the army and taken to Rome, where Papirius at last, with great reluctance, yielded to the entreaties of the Senate and spared his life. But such Roman severity was not lacking even at the time of Catiline's conspiracy; for Sallust states (30, 22-23) that when Fulvius, the son of a senator, was captured while on his way to join Catiline's forces, his own father ordered him to be put to death.

9. loco cedere: a military expression, 'to give way.' beneficiis referring probably to Rome's liberal policy with her allies, which was to allow them an independent government, provided they furnished regular contingents for the army. 11. īgnoscere quam persequi: if both these verbs governed the accusative, we should expect acceptam iniuriam.

Find an example of asyndeton, chiasmus, and alliteration in this section.

§ 10. But when they had established their rule over many nations, and all seas and lands were open to them, then leisure and wealth proved their ruin. Love of money destroyed their honesty and fidelity, and made them proud and cruel, irreligious and venal. Love of power made them false and deceitful. At first these evils grew slowly; but soon they swept like a plague over the state, until its rule became unendurable.

12. With ubi, notice the usual perfect indicative in several clauses to denote single occurrences, followed by an imperfect, patebant, of a continued state. 13. rēgēs: like Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, Antiochus the Great of Asia, Philip V. and Perseus of Macedonia, all of whom the Romans conquered between 280 and 168 B.C. nātiōnēs ferae et populī ingentēs: like the Spaniards and Cisalpine Gauls. 14. ab stirpe: 'root and branch'; the utter destruction of the city was accomplished at the end of the Third Punic War, B.c. 146.

15. saevire fortūna ac miscēre: a poetical expression; cf. Vergil's Aeneid, I, 124, magno misceri murmure pontum. 17. dubias atque asperās: 'dangerous and difficult.' 18. optanda aliās: 'desirable under other circumstances'; what part of speech is alias ? 19. ea: neuter plural, referring to ambitiō and avāritia; cf. quae utraque, 4, 7. 25. amīcitiās, etc.: 'to regard friendships and enmities not at their real worth, but as a matter of personal advantage.' 29. immūtāta: sc. est; so also with factum in line 30.

§ 11. At first, however, men were ambitious rather than avaricious; and ambition is a vice only when it actuates bad men. But avarice is an insatiable passion for money, which poisons the very soul of man. When, therefore, Sulla had once allowed his victorious adherents to rob and plunder their fellow-citizens at will, it became impossible to curb men's avarice. Added to this was the evil influence of Sulla's soldiers, who, being too leniently allowed to lay hands on everything they wanted in Asia, thereafter knew no restraint in victory.

How is virtūtem

32. exercebat: actuated.' quod, etc.: 'which, though a vice, was not far from being a virtue.' Account for gender of quod. B. 250, 3; A. 199; H. 396, 2; G. 614, 3 (b). governed? B. 141, 3; A. 261, a; H. 435, 2; G. 359, N.1. Page 8. 1. īgnāvos: 'worthless'; notice the early form of the nominative singular in -os, which was regularly retained after v until the first century A.D. 2. huic: the latter in the absence of honorable qualities'; hic would seem more natural here. 4. habet: 'implies.' 7. Sed, etc.: 'But after L. Sulla had recovered control over the state by force of arms, and evil results had developed from good beginnings.' The bitter rivalry between Sulla and Marius came to a climax with the appointment, by the Senate, of Sulla to the command of the war against Mithridates, B.C. 88. Shortly afterward Marius, by resorting to the most desperate measures, succeeded in obtaining the same command through a vote of the Roman tribes. Sulla fled, but soon returned at the head of an army and compelled Marius in turn to take flight. Not long after Sulla's departure for the East, Marius, in company with Cinna, triumphantly reëntered Rome and wreaked vengeance on his political enemies. On the death of Marius, Cinna held absolute sway over Rome for three years. Sulla landed at Brundisium in 83, and at first conducted

himself with great moderation, leading his army of 40,000 men through Southern Italy without so much as injuring the crops in the fields (bonis initiis). But no sooner had he entered Rome than he instituted a series of proscriptions (malōs ēventus), which for malicious and coldblooded cruelty far outdid the former proscriptions of the Marian party. 9. omnes: the subject of the historical infinitive rapere. 10. neque, etc.: 'nor did the victors exercise any moderation or restraint.'

11. Hūc accēdēbat quod: 'and besides.' 12. in Asia: against Mithridates, whom he defeated, and drove back into his own kingdom of Pontus. 13. quo: rarely used by classical writers without an accompanying comparative; Sallust, however, uses it freely. luxuriōsē, etc.: 'had allowed it too much luxury and freedom.' 17. tabulās pīctās: many beautiful statues and vases in our museums make us familiar with the work of ancient artists, but we have no examples of their paintings on tabulae, i.e. thin slabs of wood. Still, mosaics and the wall-paintings found in Pompeii show that they were possessed of considerable skill in this line of art also. prīvātim et publicē: 'whether owned by individuals or states.' 20. nihil reliqui victīs fēcēre: 'left nothing to the vanquished'; reliqui is partitive genitive. Caesar has a similar expression in the Gallic War, II, 26, nihil ad celeritatem sibi reliqui fēcērunt. 21. nē : very rarely used for nedum, much less,' and followed by the subjunctive. illi: the soldiers. 22. victoriae: B. 187, II, a; A. 227;

H. 426, 1; G. 346.

6

§ 12. The exaltation of wealth fostered luxury, avarice, and pride, to the utter disregard of other people's rights. Men became neglect

ful of the gods in gratifying their own selfish tastes.

24. imperium: 'military authority'; potentia: 'political power.' sequēbātur: why singular? B. 255, 3; A, 205, b; H. 392, 4; G. 285, 2. 25. innocentia, etc.: 'honesty began to pass for illnature,' i.e. if a man refused to be dishonest, it was not because he had any principle in the matter, but because he was ill-natured enough to wish to condemn others. dūcī coepit: a passive infinitive with the active of coepi is not found in Caesar or Cicero; Sallust uses it twice in the Catiline (see 44, 24). Here dūcī is like the Greek middle.

26. ex divitiis: as a result of riches.' Undoubtedly there were other reasons for the deterioration of the Romans, as, for example, the utter inability of their religion to rightly influence their lives, and

the absence of a great, industrial, middle class, as a result of the employment of slave labor. But in tracing it ultimately to riches, Sallust has gone straight to the root of all the evil. 27. rapere, cōnsumere: historical infinitives, agreeing with iuventūs understood.

28. pudōrem and pudicitiam, as well as dīvīna and (29) hūmāna, are to be taken with habēre prōmiscua, 'to regard with indiference'; translate, they respected neither modesty nor chastity, nor things human or divine.' 29. nihil, etc.: they did not care a straw for anything, nor did they exercise any self-control whatever.' 30. domōs: the article under domus, in Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities (page 547 with cut on page 548), not only contains a detailed description of Roman houses, but has a most interesting account of Sallust's house. villās: read Pliny's description of his Tuscan villa in his Letters, V, 6. 31. cōgnōveris: why subjunctive? See references to consulueris, 1, 14.

2. victīs: what

praeter iniuriae sociis: the

4.

Page 9. 1. illī: 'men of old'; (3) hĩ: 'men of the present age'; this, therefore, is only an apparent violation of the more natural use of ille to denote the former' and hic the latter.' case? B. 188, d; A. 229; H. 428, 2; G. 347, 5. licentiam: 'besides the power of doing harm.' unscrupulous plundering of the allies not only enriched the governors of the provinces, but produced enormous revenues, which were distributed among the city plebs and became the chief cause of its idleness and shiftlessness. 5. proinde, etc.: 'exactly as if to inflict injury were the only aim in exercising authority'; notice that an infinitive phrase iniuriam facere is the subject of esset, while another, imperiō ūtī, is in the predicate. 6. esset: B. 307, 1; A. 312; H. 584;

G. 602.

§ 13. Men squandered their property in wild extravagance, and being thoroughly unscrupulous, resorted to crime in order to obtain the means by which they might continue to indulge in their luxurious habits.

8. ā privātīs: Xerxes, king of Persia, had cut a canal for his ships through Mt. Athos, and had bridged the Hellespont for the passage of his army in his memorable expedition against Greece; but even private citizens of Rome had 'levelled mountains' and 'built over seas.' For instance, L. Lucullus, whom Pompey derisively called Xerxes togātus, 'the Roman Xerxes,' cut through hills to construct

fish ponds, so as to have fresh fish at all times for his table; he also carried moles far out into the sea, on which to build his villas. Pompey himself supplied his fish ponds with salt water by cutting through the hills between them and the sea. The remains of ancient villas may still be seen beneath the water at Baiae, a favorite resort of the Romans, not far from Naples.

11. per turpitudinem = turpiter, corresponding to the adverb honestē; another form of the variety of expression of which Sallust is so fond. 13. mulierēs, etc.: 'women publicly offered their chastity for sale.' 14. terrā marique omnia exquirere: e.g. they obtained peacock from Samos, tunny fish from Chalcedon, oysters from Tarentum, nuts from Thasos, dates from Egypt, etc. dormire: see following note on frīgus. 15. famem: when already gorged with food, they took emetics prescribed by physicians to make room for other courses. sitim: thirst was produced by inducing perspiration. frīgus neque lassitudinem: repeated baths made them cool, and at the same time brought on a feeling of weariness and longing for sleep. 19. eō, etc.: 'on this account the more excessively did they plunge into every kind of money-getting and extravagance.'

Catiline's associates and crimes; his plans for the consulship. Sections 14-16.

§ 14. 21. In tantā tamque corruptā cīvitāte: by his sketch ( of the gradual corruption of Roman morals (§§ 6-13), Sallust has prepared the reader to understand that the conspiracy of Catiline was not only possible, but was the natural outgrowth of the times. 22. flagitiōrum atque facinorum: the meaning here is not, as it is generally, 'disgraceful acts and crimes' (see 9, 26), but is transferred to persons guilty of such deeds, viz. 'profligates and scoundrels'; flāgitium aut facinus is a favorite combination with Cicero, too. 24. patria: an adjective agreeing with bona.

Page 10. 13. dum = dum modo, as in 4, 5. 14. quae.. . frequentābat: why is the indicative used in a subjunctive clause

CICERO.

Page 9. 1. tōtā Ītaliā: when may in be omitted? B. 228, 1, b; A. 258, f, 2; H. 483, 1; G. 388.