success, he tried his skill upon the funds of a public charity, and, detection following, was obliged to make a precipitate retreat from Bath, and from public practice. He appears to have hid himself first at Pangbourn in Berkshire, and afterwards at Reading, where he died June 29, 1792. In the obituary he is called "Ralph Schomberg, Esq.”

SCHONER (JOHN), a noted German philosopher and mathematician, was born at Carolostadt in 1477, and died in 1547, aged seventy. From his uncommon acquirements, he was chosen mathematical professor at Nuremberg when he was but a young man. He wrote a great many works, and was particularly famous for his astronomical tables, which he published after the manner of those of Regiomontanus, and to which he gave the title of Resolutæ, on account of their clearness. But, notwithstanding his great knowledge, he was, after the fashion of the times, much addicted to judicial astrology, which he took great pains to improve. The list of his writings is chiefly as follows: 1. "Three Books of Judicial Astrology." 2. "The astronomical tables named Resolutæ." 3. "De Usu Globi Stelliferi; De Compositione Globi Cœlestis; De Usu Globi Terrestris, et de Compositione ejusdem." 4. "Equatorium Astronomicum." 5. Libellus de Distantiis Locorum per Instrumentum et Numeros investigandis.” 6. “De Compositione Torqueti." 7. "In Constructionem et Usum Rectanguli sive Radii Astronomici Annotationes." 8. "Horarii Cylindri Canones." 9. Planisphærium, seu Meteoriscopium." 10. "Organum Uranicum." 11. "Instrumentum Impedimentorum Lunæ." All printed at Nuremberg, in 1551, folio. Of these, the large treatise of dialling rendered him more known in the learned world than all his other works besides, in which he discovers a surprising genius and fund of learning of that kind; but some have attributed this to his son. 2

SCHONNING, SCHOENING, or SCHONING (GerRARD), a learned Norwegian, was born at Skatnæs, in Nordland, in 1722. He went in 1740 to the school of Drontheim, the rector of which conceived so high an opinion of his talents, as to assist him in carrying on his studies at

1 Europ. Mag. for 1803.-Nichols's Bowyer.-Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal college of Physicians, relating to Dr. Isaac Schomberg, from Feb. 5, 1746, to Dec. 22, 1753, 8vo, 1754.

2 Martin's Biog. Phil.-Hutton's Dictionary.-Freheri Theatrum.-Saxii Onomasticon.

Copenhagen, where in 1758, he was elected a member of the academy of sciences at Copenhagen. In 1764 he was appointed professor of history and eloquence at Sora, and received literary honours from various societies. In 1773, 1774, and 1775, he went on a tour, at the king's expence, through various parts of Norway, to examine the remains of antiquity, but was recalled to Copenhagen to be keeper of the archives, and in 1776 was appointed a member of the society formed for publishing Icelandic works from the collection of Arnas Magnæus. He died July 18, 1780. He is said to have passed his time and employed his thoughts entirely on his peculiar studies, having an utter aversion to theological controversy, and being equally partial to men of merit of all persuasions. His works are numerous, but many of them are academical dissertations. Among those of a more permanent form are "An Essay towards the ancient Geography of the Northern Countries, particularly Norway;" "Observations on the old Northern Marriages and Weddings;" "De Anni Ratione apud veteres Septentrionales ;' "History of Norway from the foundation of the kingdom till the time of Harold Haarfager," 1771-1781, 4 vols. 4to, the last volume edited by Suhm; "Travels through Norway," &c. He was also the contributor of many papers to the Transactions of the Norwegian society, and of the academy of sciences at Copenhagen, on subjects of antiquity, bearing some relation to the northern nations.1

SCHOOCKIUS (MARTIN), a learned and very laborious writer, was born April 1, 1614, at Utrecht, and was successively professor of languages, rhetoric, history, natural philosophy, logic, and experimental philosophy in that city, at Deventer, Groningen, and lastly, at Francfort upon Oder, where he died in 1665, aged fifty-one. Schoockius delighted in singular subjects, and has left a prodigious number of works. Burman says he never knew a man who published so much and acquired so little. fame in the learned world. Some of his works are critical, others on philosophy, divinity, history, and literature, chiefly in 12mo or 8vo, &c. The most known are, tracts on turfs, "De Turffis, seu de cespitibus Bituminosis;" "On Butter;" "On Antipathy to Cheese;" "On Eggs and Chickens;" "On Inundations;" "De Harengis, seu Haleci

1 Dict. Hist.

bus;" "De Signaturis fœtus;" "De Ciconiis ;" "De Nihilo;" "De Sternutatione ;"" De figmento legis Regiæ;" "De Bonis Ecclesiasticis et Canonicis," 4to; "De Statu Reipublicæ fœderati Belgii," &c. &c. He wrote also against Des Cartes, at the request of the famous Voëtius, with whom he was much connected. Some other pieces on singular subjects are in his "Exercitationes variæ," 1663, 4to, reprinted under the title of "Martini Themidis exercitationes," 1688, 4to, &c.1

SCHOOTEN (FRANCIS), professor of mathematics at Leyden about the middle of the seventeenth century, was a very acute proficient in that science. He published, in 1649, an edition of Descartes's geometry, with learned and elaborate annotations on that work, as also those of Beaume, Hudde, and Van Heauralt. Schooten published also two very useful and learned works of his own composition; "Principia Matheseos universalis," 1651, 4to; and "Exercitationes Mathematicæ," 1657, 4to.

SCHOTT (ANDREW), a very learned German, to whom the republic of letters has been considerably indebted, was born at Antwerp, Sept. 12, 1552; and educated at Louvain. Upon the taking and sacking of Antwerp in 1577, he retired to Douay; and, after some stay there, went to Paris, where Busbequius received him into his house, and made him partner of his studies. Two years after, he went into Spain, and was at first at Madrid; then he removed to Alcala, and then in 1580 to Toledo, where his great reputation procured him a Greek professorship. The cardinal Gaspar Quiroga, abp. of Toledo, conceived at the same time such an esteem for him, that he lodged him in his palace, and entertained him as long as he remained in that place. In 1584, he was invited to. Saragossa, to teach rhetoric and the Greek language and, two years after, entered into the society of Jesuits, and was called by the general of the order into Italy to teach rhetoric at Rome. He continued three years there, and then returned to his own country, where he spent the remainder of a long life in study and writing books. He was not only well skilled in Latin and Greek learning, but had also in him a candour and generosity seldom to be found among the men of his order. He had an earnest desire to oblige all mankind, of

1 Niceron, vol. XII.-Burman Traj. Erudit.-Nicolai's Vitæ Professorum Groningæ. Hutton's Dict. new edit. 1815.

what religion or country soever; and would freely communicate even with heretics, if the cause of letters could be served: hence protestant writers every where mention him with respect. He died at Antwerp Jan. 23, 1629, after having published a great number of books. Besides works more immediately connected with and relating to his own profession, he gave editions of, and wrote notes upon, several of the classics; among which were Aurelius Victor, Pomponius Mela, Seneca Rhetor, Cornelius Nepos, Valerius Flaccus, &c. He wrote the life of Francis di Borgia, and "Hispania illustrata," 4 vols. folio, but there are reasons for doubting whether the "Bibliotheca Hispana," 3 vols. in one, 4to, was a publication of his own; it seems rather to have been compiled from his MSS. He published, however, an edition of Basil's works, and is said to have translated Photius; but this has been thought to be so much below the abilities and learning of Schott, that some have questioned his having been the author of it.'

4to.

2

SCHOTT (GASPAR), a learned Jesuit, was born in 1608, in the diocese of Wurtzburg. His favourite studies were philosophy and mathematics, which he taught till his death. He passed several years at Palermo, whence he removed to Rome, where he contracted an intimacy with the cele brated Kircher, who communicated to him several of his observations on the arts and sciences. Schott was author of several works, of which the most remarkable are, 1, "Physica curiosa; sive Mirabilia Naturæ et artis," 1667, 2. "Magia naturalis et artificialis," 1657-59, 4 vols. 4to, reprinted in 1677. 3. "Technica curiosa," Norimberg, 1664, 4to, in which is found the first idea of the airpump. 4. "Anatomia Physico-hydrostatica Fontium et Fluminum." 5. "Organum Mathematicum." In the various writings of this Jesuit are to be met with the germs of the greater part of modern experiments in physics. Complete sets of them should consist of 20 vols. but they are not easily procured, as they were almost entirely forgotten, till brought to notice in 1785 by the abbé Mercier, in his "Notice des ouvrages de Gaspar Schott."

2

SCHREVELIUS (CORNELIUS), a Dutch commentator, was the son of Theodore Schrevelius, first rector of the school at Haerlem, the history of which city he published,

1 Dupin.-Niceron, vol. XXVI.-Marchand in Peregrinus.-Foppen's Biblę Belg. Saxii Onomast.

Dist. Hist.-Brunet Manuel du Libraire.

and afterwards rector of that of Leyden. He was born probably at the former place, and removed to Leyden with his father in 1625, who being then advanced in years resigned his office in favour of Cornelius in 1642. Cornelius appears before this to have studied and took his degrees in medicine, but his promotion to the school turned his attention to classical pursuits, in the course of which he published editions variorum of Hesiod, Homer, Claudian, Virgil, Lucan, Martial, Juvenal and Persius, Erasmus's colloquies, &c. none of which have been so fortunate as to obtain the approbation of modern critics. He applied, however, to lexicography with more success, and besides a good edition of the Greek part of Hesychius's Lexicon, published himself a Greek and Latin Dictionary, which has been found so useful to beginners, that perhaps few works of the kind have gone through so many editions. Those of this country, where it still continues to be printed, have been enlarged and improved by Hill, Bowyer, and others. Schrevelius died in 1667.'

SCHULTENS (ALBERT), a German divine, was born at Groningen, where he studied till 1706, and greatly distinguished himself by taste and skill in Arabic learning. He became a minister of Wassenar, and professor of the oriental tongues at Franeker. At length he was invited to Leyden, where he taught Hebrew and the oriental languages with reputation till his death, which happened in 1750. There are many works of Schultens, which shew profound learning and just criticism; as, "Commentaries upon Job and the Proverbs ;" a book, entitled "Vetus et regia via Hebraizandi ;" "A Treatise of Hebrew Roots," &c. He had a son John Jacob Schultens, who was professor of divinity and oriental languages at Leyden, in his room. This John Jacob was father to the subject of the following article.

SCHULTENS (HENRY ALBERT), was born Feb. 15, 1749, at Herborn (where his father was at that time divinityprofessor), and was educated at the university at Leyden, where he applied himself with great diligence to the Arabic, under his father's instructions, and those of Scheidius, who then lodged in his house. By his father's advice, he commenced his study of the eastern languages by 1 Foppen Bibl. Belg.-Baillet Jugemens.-Moreri. 2 Moreri. Dict, Hist.