Biophysical Principles of Structure and Function

amino acid atoms biological membranes biological systems cell cellular Chapter charge chemical potential chemical reactions coefficient complex component concentration considerations constant constituent covalent bonds derived diffusion dipole discussed dissociation distance electrical potential electron energy change entropy enzyme equation equilibrium example fatty acid flux force free energy function genetic Gibbs free energy given gradient H-bonds heat hemoglobin hydrogen interaction intermolecular involved ionic ionic bond isotopic kinetic large number lipid liquid measured mechanism membrane metabolic mole molecular weight myoglobin nucleic acid nucleotides nucleus occur orbitals osmotic pressure particles particular peptide permeability polypeptide polypeptide chain polysaccharides potential energy properties protein molecule proton quantity reactant relation result ribosomes sequence solubility solution solvent specific structure substance surface synthesis temperature thermal thermodynamic tion triplets unit vapor velocity virus viruses x-ray zero ᎡᎢ