was done, the murderer washed his hands in the lustral water at the
door of Apollo's temple, which stood in the immediate vicinity.—Cati-
line was peculiarly dangerous and formidable, as his power of dissi-
mulation enabled him to throw a veil over his vices. Such was his art,
that, while he was poisoning the minds of the Roman youth, he gained
the friendship and esteem of the severe Catulus. The close of his
career is detailed in the pages of Sallust. Being driven from the city
by the eloquence of Cicero, he betook himself with a body of followers
to the camp of Manlius in Etruria, and in the action which ensued
with the forces of the republic, whose movements had cut him off from
all communication with lower Italy, while another army prevented his
passage into Cisalpine Gaul, he fell bravely fighting near the Etrurian
town of Pistoria. Plin. H. N. vii. 29. -Plut. Vit. Syll. c. xxxii.
Vit. Cic. c. x.— - Sallust, B. C. lvi. seqq.

Id.

CATO, Marcus Porcius, surnamed for distinction sake, "the Elder,"
and also "the Censor," was born в. c. 234, at Tusculum, of a family
in no respect remarkable. After having passed his earlier years in the
country he came to Rome, through the persuasions of Valerius Flaccus,
a nobleman who had an estate contiguous to Cato's. Valerius had
heard of Cato through his domestics. They told him that he used to
go early in the morning to the little towns in the neighbourhood, and
defend the causes of such as applied to him; that thence he would
return to his farm, where, in a coarse frock if it was winter, and naked
if it was summer, he would labour along with his domestics, and after-
wards sit down with them, and partake of their bread and wine, At Rome,
Cato's pleadings soon procured him friends and admirers; and the interest
of Valerius likewise greatly assisted him, so that he was at first appointed
tribune of the soldiers, and afterwards elected quæstor. Among all the
more aged senators he attached himself chiefly to Fabius Maximus, He
was at first quæstor in Africa, under Scipio Africanus, and afterwards
prætor in the island of Sardinia, which he brought under the Roman sway.
Being elected to the consulship, along with his early friend and patron
Valerius Flaccus, he obtained for his province the government of His-
pania Citerior, where he greatly signalised himself, and for his successes in
which country he was honoured with a triumph. He was chosen
censor, with Valerius again for his colleague, B. c. 184, and discharged
the duties of that high office with such inflexible severity, as to obtain
from it one of the titles usually appended to his name. Cato occupies
a conspicuous place in Roman history for his obstinate perseverance in
insisting on the destruction of Carthage, and is said to have ended every
speech, no matter what the subject was, or with what business the senate
might be engaged, by repeating the well-known phrase, “Censeo quoque
Carthaginem esse delendam," or, as it is more commonly given, "Delenda
est Carthago." His advice was at last followed; but the tide of cor-
ruption that flowed in upon Rome, when the fear of her great rival
was at an end, shows plainly how feeble, in this respect, were Cato's
claims to political sagacity. This distinguished man ended his days
B.C. 149, at the age of 85, and at the very moment when the third
Punic war had broken out, which ended in the fulfilment of his long-
cherished wish concerning Carthage. — As a magistrate, a general, a
lawyer, and a public speaker, Cato the censor merits a high degree of
reputation. His rigour and austerity, brought to bear with no less
strictness on his own life than on that of others, obtained for him from

his countrymen a degree of consideration fully equal to that which he
had acquired by the exercise of his talents. He was the inveterate and
sworn foe of luxury, and so keenly did he pursue it under all the various
shapes which it assumed, as even to cut off the pipes by which private
individuals conveyed water from the public fountains into their houses
and gardens, and to demolish all the buildings that projected into the
streets. He is well known also for his strenuous opposition to the
introduction of the fine arts and the sciences into the capital of Italy,
through fear that the refinements of Greece and Asia would corrupt the
principles of his countrymen. He pressed also the departure of the
Greek philosophers who had come to Rome as ambassadors from Athens,
for he dreaded lest the habit of speaking on both sides of a question, on
which Carneades, one of the number, particularly prided himself, might
convert the Roman youth into mere sophists, and render them indifferent
to glory and virtue. And yet he himself took up the study of the
Greek language at an advanced period of life.—Cato, by the universal
consent of his contemporaries, passed for the best farmer of his age, and
was held unrivalled for the skill and success of his agricultural oper-
ations. He is the author of a work on husbandry, entitled "De Re
Rustica," which has come down to our times, though in a somewhat
imperfect state, since Pliny and other writers allude to subjects as
treated of by Cato, and to opinions as delivered by him in this book,
which are nowhere to be found in any part of the work as we now have
it. In its present state, it resembles merely the loose and unconnected
journal of a plain farmer, expressed with rude, sometimes with almost
oracular, brevity. It consists solely of the dryest rules of agriculture,
and some receipts for making various kinds of cakes and wines. The
most remarkable feature in the work, however, is its total want of
arrangement. Cato left also one hundred and fifty orations, which were
existing in Cicero's time, though much neglected. They are now lost.
Cicero admits, that, if number and cadence and an easier turn of ex-
pression were given to his sentences, there would be few who could
claim the preference to Cato. He wrote also a book on Military
Discipline, a good deal of which has been incorporated into the work
of Vegetius. His principal production, however, was an historical
treatise in seven books, entitled "De Originibus." Its object was to
discuss and settle the history and antiquities of the Roman people, with
a view to counteract the influence of the Greek taste, introduced by the
Scipios. Only fragments of it remain. He wrote also on Orators and
on the Medical art. The former of these productions was a treatise
addressed to his son, and entitled "De Oratore ad filium." The work
on medicine would appear to have been a singular affair; and his great
object was to decry the compound drugs of the Greek physicians, whom
he accuses of having formed a league to poison all the barbarians, among
whom they classed the Romans. Cato, finding that their patients lived,
notwithstanding this detestable conspiracy, began to regard the Greek
practitioners as impious sorcerers, who counteracted the course of nature,
and restored dying men to life by means of unholy charms; and he
therefore advised his countrymen to remain steadfast, not only by their
old Roman principles and manners, but also by the venerable unguents
and salubrious balsams which had come down to them from the wisdom
of their grandmothers. Such as they were, Cato's old medical saws
continued long in repute at Rome. · Aulus Gellius mentions Cato's

"Libri quæstionum epistolicarum," and Cicero his Apophthegmata (De
Off. i. 29.), which was probably the first example of that class of works
which, under the appellation of Ana, became in after ages so fashionable
and prevalent in France. -Cato wrote also a work entitled " Carmen
de Moribus." This, however, was not in verse, as might be supposed
from the title; precepts, imprecations, and prayers, or any set formula
whatever, were called Carmina. Dunlop, Roman Lit. vol. ii. p. 12.

seqq.

CATO, Marcus Porcius, afterwards surnamed in history Uticensis, on
account of his having destroyed himself at Utica, was the great-grandson
of Cato the censor. His parents died when he was very young, and
he was educated under the roof of his mother's brother, Livius Drusus.
He was austere in his morals, a strict follower of the tenets of the Stoic
sect, and so great a lover of what was virtuous and right, as to pursue
every object of such a nature with undeviating steadiness, regardless of
the difficulties which he might have to encounter, or, of the dangers to
which he might be exposed. Cato exerted himself, though in vain, to
stem the torrent of Roman luxury and corruption, and in his own person
he copied the simplicity of earlier days. He often appeared barefooted
in public, and never travelled but on foot. In whatever office he was
employed, he always reformed its abuses, and restored the ancient re-
gulations. To the qualities of a virtuous man, and the rectitude of a stern
patriot, Cato added the intrepidity of a brave soldier and the talents of
an able general. In the affair of the conspiracy of Catiline, he gave
Cicero his constant and vigorous support; and it was chiefly through his
efforts in opposition to those of Cæsar, that the accomplices of Catiline
were capitally punished. This virtuous Roman put an end to his
existence at Utica, after the defeat of Juba and Scipio by Cæsar in the
battle of Thapsus. Plut. Vit. Cat. Min.
CATULUS, Quintus Lutatius, a noble Roman, conspicuous for both
his love of country and private virtues. He was the colleague of Ma-
rius, in the consulship, when the Cimbri and Teutones came down
upon the south of Europe; and he was engaged with that commander in
the sanguinary conflict at the Raudii Campi, where the Cimbri were so
signally defeated by the Romans. We afterwards find him censor with
Crassus; and, subsequently to this, opposing the attempt of Crassus to
make Egypt tributary. Catulus was in politics on the aristocratic side,
and was of course a warm opponent of Julius Cæsar. He was com-
petitor also with the latter for the office of pontifex, but was unsuccess-
ful in his application. The character of Catulus stood deservedly high.
A stranger to flattery and adulation, he reproved, with equal openness,
the levity of the multitude, and the misconduct of the senate.
After a
long life of honourable usefulness, Catulus was compelled to put an end
to his days, by order of the sanguinary Marius. In order to effect this,
he shut himself up in a narrow chamber, newly plastered, and suffocated
himself by the vapour produced by a large fire. Cic. pro Font. xv.—
Id. pro Muren. xvii.—Id. Orat. iii. 3.—Plut. Vit. Mar. xiv, seqq.—Id.
ibid. xliv.-Id. Vit. Crass. xiii.

CATULUS, Quintus Lutatius, son of the preceding. He obtained the
consulship along with Lepidus, B. c. 78, and opposed the views of his
colleague, who was in favour of rescinding the acts of Sylla. He dedi-
cated the new capitol, the old one having been destroyed by fire.
Ca-
tulus was the first who hailed Cicero as "the father of his country," and

it was he who accused Cæsar of participation in the conspiracy of
Catiline. This is also the Catulus who opposed the passing of the Ma-
nilian Law, and of whom Plutarch relates the anecdote which we have
mentioned in Orat. pro Leg. Manil. chap. xx. note 3. His character for
patriotism and integrity stood as high as his father's had. Cic. Or. III.
in Cat. ch. x. —
Id. pro Manil. Leg, xvii. seqq.—
Tacit. Hist. iii. 72.-Vell. Paterc. ii. 31.

- Id. in Verr. iv. 31.

-

Sub-

CETHEGUS, Caius Cornelius, a Roman of corrupt morals and turbulent
character. He filled at one time the office of tribune, and was also a
warm partisan of Sylla, after having originally sided with Marius.
sequently, however, losing the influence which he had possessed, he
joined in the conspiracy of Catiline. Cicero informs us, that, in rash-
ness and daring, he surpassed Catiline himself, and almost equalled him.
in strength of body, love of arms, and dignity of birth. In arranging the
details of the plot, the conspirators assigned to Cethegus the task of
posting himself at the door of Cicero's house, and, after he had forced an
entrance, of murdering that illustrious Roman. The vigilance of Cicero
frustrated this design. Cethegus was apprehended along with Lentulus
and the rest, and strangled in prison.-Sallust, B. C. xliii.—Id. ibid,
xlv.-Cic. Or. III. in Cat. iii.

CICERO, Quintus Tullius, brother of the orator. He attained to the
dignity of prætor, A. U. c. 693, and afterwards held a government in
Asia, as proprætor, for four years. Quintus returned to Rome at the
moment when his brother was driven into exile, and for some time after
was chiefly employed in exerting himself to obtain his recall. Subse-
quently to this, we find him serving as one of Cæsar's lieutenants in
Gaul, and displaying much courage and ability on many trying and im-
portant occasions. During the civil war, however, he abandoned the side
of Cæsar, and espoused the party of Pompey, But, after the battle of
Pharsalia, he followed Cæsar into Asia, in order to obtain a pardon; and
that he might the more easily accomplish this, he threw all the blame of
his defection upon his brother the orator. For this purpose, he made it
a point, in all his letters and remarks to Cæsar's friends, to rail at the
orator in a most unfeeling and disgraceful manner. At a subsequent
period he was proscribed by the triumvirate, and concealed himself at
Rome, but was discovered and put to death together with his son.—We
have remaining, at the present day, the correspondence of Cicero, the
orator, with his brother Quintus. The first letter in the collection is one
of the noblest productions of the kind that has ever been penned. It is
addressed to Quintus on occasion of his government in Asia being pro-
longed for a third year. Availing himself of the rights of an elder brother,
as well as of the authority derived from his superior dignity and talents,
Cicero counsels and exhorts his brother concerning the due administra-
tion of his province, particularly with regard to the choice of his subor-
dinate officers, and the degree of trust to be reposed in them. He
earnestly reproves him, but with much fraternal tenderness and affection,
for his proneness to resentment; and he concludes with a beautiful ex-
hortation, to strive in all respects to merit the praise of his contempo-
raries, and bequeath to posterity an untainted name.-
ne.-Along with Cicero's
letters to Quintus there is usually printed an epistle or memoir, which
the latter addressed to his brother when he stood candidate for the con-
sulship, and which is entitled "De Petitione Consulatus." It gives
advice with regard to the measures he should pursue to attain his object,

particularly inculcating the best means to gain private friends and acquire
general popularity. But though professedly drawn up merely for the use
of his brother Marcus, it appears to have been intended by the author as
a guide or manual, for all who might be placed in similar circumstances.
It is written with considerable elegance, and great purity of style, and
forms an important document for the history of the Roman republic, as
it affords us a clearer insight, than we can derive from any other work
now extant, into the intrigues resorted to by the heads of parties to gain
the suffrages of the people. We have also remaining a small poem by
Quintus Cicero, in twenty-one verses, on the signs of the zodiac, and
two epigrams preserved in Burmann's Anthology. He is said to have
composed tragedies, which are now lost. Cic. Ep. ad Att. v. 3. — Id,
ibid. xi. 8.— Id. ibid. 9.— Dio Cassius, xlvii. 10.- Appian, B. C. iv.
20. Bähr, Gesch. Rom. Lit. p. 85. Schöll. Hist. Lit. Rom. vol. ii.
p. 141.-
Dunlop, Rom. Lit. vol. ii. p. 493.

-

-

CINNA, Lucius Cornelius, a Roman nobleman of considerable influence
and personal bravery. He was consul with Cn. Octavius, B. c. 91. but
was deprived by his colleague of his consular authority, and driven by
him out of the city because he had by force procured the enactment of
several injurious laws. Obtaining possession of the army of Appius
Claudius, he declared war on the government, and called to his assistance
Marius and other exiles from Africa. Cinna and Marius eventually tri-
umphed; Rome opened her gates, and the most cruel excesses were
committed by the victors. All the leading men of the party of Sylla
were put to death, and their property confiscated. Cinna and Marius
then declared themselves consuls, and the latter died on the very first
day of his entering upon office. L. Valerius Flaccus succeeded him.
In his third and fourth consulships, Cinna had Cn. Papirius Carbo for
his colleague, with whom he made preparations for a war against Sylla,
who was then engaged in the operations against Mithridates. During
the fourth consulship of Cinna, Julius Cæsar married his daughter Cor-
nelia. Cinna eventually, after raising a powerful armament against
Sylla, was slain by a centurion of his own army, a rumour having been
spread among his soldiers that he had put Pompey, then quite a young
man, to death. Haughty, violent, always eager for vengeance, addicted
to debauchery, precipitate in his designs, but nevertheless pursuing them
with courage, Cinna had passions that caused him to aspire to tyranny,
and but few of those talents that would otherwise have led to it, Florus,
iii. 21.-Vell. Paterc. ii. 20,-Appian, B. C. i, 64. seqq. - Plut. Vit.
Syll. x.Id. Vit. Mur. xli.

-

CLAUDIUS, Appius, called for distinction sake "Minor," or "the
younger," having a brother of the same name, who was called, for a
similar reason, 66
Major," or "the elder." He was prætor in the year
when Archias was registered, and afterwards consul with P. Servilius
Isauricus. Cic. pro Arch. v. — ·Pro Planc. xxi.

CLODIUS, Publius, a Roman of noble birth, but infamous for the car-
ruption of his morals. Among other offences, he is said to have violated
the mysteries of the Bona Dea, by penetrating into the house of Cæsar
during their celebration, disguised in female attire. He was led to the

commission of this act by a guilty attachment for Pompeia, Cæsar's
wife. Being tried for this impiety, he managed to escape by corrupting
the judges. Clodius caused himself to be adopted into a plebeian family
for the purpose of being elected tribune of the commons, and while hold-