S

83. Glorious victory of the British,.

84. Pursuit of Holkar to Furruckabad,

85. Surprising night-march of the British, and defeat of Holkar,

86. Siege and capture of Dieg,

87. Siege and unsuccessful assault of Bhurtpore,

88. Repeated assaults on Bhurtpore, which are repulsed,

89. Final defeat of the British,

Page

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

90. Reasons on both sides for an accommodation with the Rajah of Bhurtpore, 94

91. Peace with the Rajah of Bhurtpore,

92. Holkar joins Scindiah, being expelled from Bhurtpore,

93. Operations in the Cuttack, Bundelcund, and against Meer Khan,

94. Operations against Scindiah, who sues for peace; and Lord Wellesley

returns to England,

95

96

97

98

95. Second administration and death of Lord Cornwallis. Arrival of Sir G.

100. Proportion of Europeans to Asiatics in the armies of Alexander the Great, 105

101. Subsequent confirmation of the same principles,

107

102. Analogy between the British empire in India and Napoleon's in Europe, 108

103. Their essential point of difference,

106. It was owing to the union of democratic energy with aristocratic foresight, 112

107. Causes of this extraordinary combination,

108. Causes which will eventually subvert our Eastern empire,

113

114

109. Great and lasting benefits it has already produced in human affairs,

115

CHAPTER L.

CONTINENTAL SYSTEM, AND IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT OF NAPOLEON,

1. Change in Napoleon's projects for the subjugation of England,

117

2. Plan of uniting all Europe in the Continental System,

118

3. And getting hold of, and concentrating their fleets in the French and

7. Orders for its rigorous execution, and its evasion in Holland,

125

8. Its rigorous execution in the north of Germany,

127

9. First Order in Council by the British government,

128

10. Reasons which led to a farther and more rigorous measure,

11. Orders in Council of 11th November,

18. Reply of the supporters of the Orders in both Houses,

133

134

135

Able note of Lord Howick on this subject to the Danish minister,

note, 137

19 The terms of the Berlin decree,

138

20. The French possessed of no blockading force,

ib.

21. Acquiescence of the neutrals in the Berlin decree,

22. Napoleon's policy in his decrees,

23. Reflections on this debate, and on the justice of the Orders in Council,.

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

28. Vast ultimate effects of the Continental System,

30. Evasion of the decrees on both sides by the vast extension of this system, 148

31. Great effects of this system in opening up new markets for British industry, 150

32. Universal joy at Napoleon's return to Paris,

33. Slavish adulation of the orators in the Senate and Chamber of Deputies,

34. Great fête in honour of the Grand Army,

37. Slavish submission with which this change was received in France,

38. Servile adulation with which the change was received in the Tribunate,

39. Establishment of a censorship of the press,

40. Entire prostration of literature and the press,

Identity of the imperial despotism of Napoleon, and the democratic

tyranny of America,

156

157

159

ib.

note, 160

161

163

45. Universal thirst for public employment in France,

46. Rapid progress of the system of centralisation in France,

47. Centralisation of all power in the imperial government,

43. The judges are rendered removable at pleasure,

44. Severe decrees against any connivance at English commerce,

164

ib.

165

167

ib.

169

49. He re-establishes titles of honour. Principles on which this was founded, 170

52. Endowment of the new peers with revenues from foreign states,

Address of the Senate to the Emperor on the subject, .

53. System of fusion of the ancient and modern noblesse which Napoleon

54. Readiness with which the old nobles entered into these views,

172

173

174

note, ib.

177

honour,

55. Great discontent of the French republicans at the institution of titles of

56. Objections felt against it by the republican party,

57. Napoleon's reasons for disregarding these complaints,

58. Rapid progress of court etiquette at Paris,

59. Advantages of the imperial government,

179

180

181

ib.

182

S

60. Great internal prosperity of France under the empire,

61. Great effect of the foreign plunder and contributions on the industry of

France. Great canals set on foot,

Page

183

184

62. Striking account of the public works of France by the minister of the

70. Trivial offences for which persons were confined in these state prisons,

71. Cardinal Pacca's account of them,

195

ib.

72. Extraordinary assemblage of persons in these state prisons,

196

73. Universal extent of Napoleon's power, and great aggravation this was of his

persecutions,

74. Universal and slavish obedience to his authority,

Enormous destruction of human life under his foreign wars and the con-

79. Lyceums or military academies. Their regulations and great importance, 203

80. And entire subjection to the Emperor's will,

204

81. Rapid transition from republican to despotic ideas,

206

83. Universal alacrity with which despotism was hailed in France, .

82. Remarkable difference between the English and French Revolutions in

this respect,

207

ib.

84. Its causes. Greater violence and injustice of the French convulsion,

86. It was not the love of freedom, but the desire of elevation, which con-

vulsed France,

210

87. Selfishness generally prevailing was the cause of this,

ib.

88. The principles of freedom never were attended to in the French Revolution, 211

89. It was nothing but a vehement struggle for power,

212

90. General corruption of public opinion which the French Revolution pro-

91. The democratic party when in power support every abuse, because they

profit by it,

92. Rapid growth of centralisation in this state of public feeling,
93. Debasing effects of centralisation when generally established,
Striking opinion of M. de Tocqueville on this subject,

ib.

215

note, 216

94. It was the republicans who destroyed freedom in France,

217

95. Ability with which Napoleon took advantage of these circumstances to

establish despotic power,.

ib.

96. But this, however great an evil, was unavoidable in the state in which

France was on the termination of the Revolution,

218

97. Despotic power has ever since been established in France,

98. Ultimate effect on general freedom of resistance to democracy in England,
and its triumph in France,

CHAPTER LI.

Page

219

220

SETTLEMENT OF EUROPE AFTER THE TREATY OF TILSIT.

1. General suffering and dismay produced in Russia by the treaty of Tilsit,

2. General feeling of despondence which prevailed in Great Britain,

3. Constitution for the Grand-duchy of Warsaw,

4. Constitution of the kingdom of Westphalia,

5. Oppressive military government of the Confederation of the Rhine and

Hanse Towns,

6. Excessive rigour of the treatment which Prussia experienced,

222

221

225

226

227

228

7. Fresh requisitions imposed on Prussia, and limitation of its regular forces, 230

8. Wise internal measures adopted by the Prussian government,

9. First measures of the King of Prussia to restore the public fortunes,

10. Accession of Baron Stein to the ministry. His firm character and admir-

able measures,

11. Admirable reforms which he introduced in Prussia,

12. Various causes of distress in Prussia. Stein is exiled,

13. History, character, and great reforms of Scharnhorst,

14. His great reforms and admirable system in the army,

15. Rise and progress of the Tugendbund and secret societies,

16. Generals and officers who secretly joined the Tugendbund,

17. Situation, statistics, and power of Austria,

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

240

241

18. She joins the Continental System, and obtains the evacuation of Braunau, 242

Resources and statistics of the Austrian empire,

19. Affairs of Sweden. The Swedes are shut up in Stralsund,

22. Capture of the islands of Danholm and Rugen,

23. Reasons which led to the Copenhagen expedition,

24. Uniform hostility of Denmark to Great Britain,.

25. Resolution of the British cabinet,

26. Equipment and departure of the expedition,

27. Ineffectual negotiation with Denmark,

28. Siege of Copenhagen. Action of Sir Arthur Wellesley,.

Proclamation of Lord Cathcart on landing in Zealand,

Answer of the Prince Royal of Denmark,

29. Bombardment of Copenhagen,

30. Surrender of the fleet, which is equipped and brought to England,

31. Great sensation excited in Europe by this expedition,

32. Justification of it soon afforded by Napoleon,

33. General feeling in England on the subject,

34. Arguments in parliament against the Copenhagen expedition,

35. Argument against its necessity,

36. Alleged priority of the determination to despoil Denmark to the treaty of

Tilsit,

261

37. Inveteracy of Denmark in consequence of the attack on her,

38. Answer of Lord Wellesley, Lord Castlereagh, and Mr Canning,

39. Justification of the expedition afforded by the conduct of Napoleon,

40. Ease with which Denmark might have been subjugated by France,

41. Value of the Danish fleet to France,

42. The expedition not only a justifiable measure, but a wise one,

43. The secret article of the treaty of Tilsit regarding the Danish fleet after-

wards produced,

Napoleon's secret opinion regarding the Copenhagen expedition,

44. Ineffectual mediation of Russia, .

Secret satisfaction with which it was viewed by Alexander,

45. Rupture of that power with England,

Concurring statement of the English and French ambassadors on the

266

note, 267

ib.

note, 268

269

note, 270

271

note, ib.

note, ib.

274

275

ib.

277

Curious secret despatch from Savary at St Petersburg to Napoleon,

note, 278

51. Changes in the constitution of the Italian States,

53. Encroachments of France on Holland, Germany, and Italy.

52. Union of Parma and Placentia to France. Great works at Milan. State

of Italy,

279

280

Occupation

of Rome, and dismemberment of its provinces, .

54. Reflections on the imminent hazard to Europe from the treaty of Tilsit,

55. Universal empire was now openly aimed at by Russia and France,

56. Great importance of the stroke already struck at Napoleon's naval con-

federacy, .

1. Ambitious views of Napoleon with reference to the Spanish Peninsula.

3. The discovery of these designs rouses Spain against France,

4. Extreme irritation produced at Madrid,

5. Premature proclamation by the Prince of the Peace,

6. Profound dissimulation and address of Napoleon regarding it,

289

290

291

292

293

294

ib.

296

note, ib.

9. Measures of the Portuguese government, and origin of the Spanish

intrigues, .

298

7. Napoleon resolves on the dethronement of the Spanish and Portuguese
monarchs, .