§

10. Character of the leading persons there-the Prince of the Peace, Charles

IV., the Queen,

Sketch of the life of the Prince of the Peace,

11. The Prince of Asturias, and Escoiquiz, his confidential adviser,

12. Escoiquiz opens a negotiation with the French ambassador, and the Prince

of Asturias writes to Napoleon,

Page

299

note, 300

301

302

13. Treaty of Fontainebleau between Napoleon and Charles IV.,

14. Which is ratified by Napoleon,

15. Convention of Fontainebleau,

16. Napoleon's perfidious designs, both towards Spain and the Prince of the

Peace in this treaty,

306

307

17. His secret instructions to Junot in his invasion of Portugal,

18. Extraordinary difficulties of his march through Portugal,

.

20. Hesitation of the court and Prince Regent,

310

19. Conduct of the Portuguese government, and situation of Lisbon at this

crisis,

311

313

21. The abandonment of Portugal at last resolved on,

ib.

22. Embarkation of the royal family for Brazil,

314

23. Universal grief with which it was attended,

315

24. Arrival of the French at Lisbon, .

317

25. The country is occupied by Junot in name of the French: enormous

contributions levied by the troops,

318

26. Hoisting of the French flag on the forts of Lisbon,

ib.

27. The regency is at length dissolved by Junot, and the whole country seized

by the French,

319

28. Complete occupation of the kingdom by the French, and despair of the

inhabitants,

321

29. Arrest of Ferdinand, and seizure of his papers,

30. Contents of the more important ones,

322

323

31. Proclamation of the King on the subject, and correspondence with

35. The Prince of the Peace does not venture to remonstrate against this in-

36. New levy in France. Treacherous seizure of Pampeluna,

37. Of Barcelona,

38. And of Figueras and San Sebastian,

39. Napoleon improves his success, and covers the north of Spain with troops, 333

40. The Prince of the Peace begins to see through the real designs of Napoleon, 335

His secret despatch to Isquierdo at this period, .

Napoleon demands the cession of the provinces to the north of the

329

ib.

331

332

48. Continued advance of the French troops, and entry of Murat into Madrid, 343

49. Murat declines to recognise Ferdinand, and takes military possession of

Madrid,

50. General acquiescence in all the demands of the French,

51. Napoleon offers the crown of Spain to Louis Buonaparte, who declines it,

and Savary is sent to Madrid,

Napoleon's letter to his brother Louis to that effect,

52. Savary's secret instructions, and object of his journey,

344

346

347

note, ib.

348

53. He arrives at Madrid, and persuades Ferdinand to go to Bayonue,

350

54. Journey of Ferdinand to Burgos at Savary's earnest desire,

352

55. Secret motives of his counsellors in agreeing to his continuing his journey, 353

56. Perfidious assurances of his safety given by Savary,

ib.

57. At length he prolongs his journey to Bayonne,

354

62. Arrogant conduct of Murat,

the royal family,

58. Letter from Napoleon, which determines his hesitation,

Guarded but deceitful expressions in Napoleon's letter,

59. Godoy, Charles IV., and the Queen, are sent by Murat to Bayonne,

60. Great embarrassment experienced by Napoleon in regard to the

sular affairs,

His admirable letter to Murat, portraying his views regarding them,

61. Symptoms of resistance in Spain to the invaders,

63. Extreme agitation at Madrid at the approaching departure of the rest of

.

64. Commotion at Madrid on 2d May,

355

note, ib.

357

Penin-

358

note, 359

360

362

363

364

70. Ferdinand arrives at Bayonne, and is kindly received by Napoleon,

75. Napoleon sends for Charles IV., and has a private conference with

Escoiquiz,

His views as stated to Escoiquiz,

76. The arrival of Charles IV. solves the difficulty. His reception by Napoleon, 377

77. Ferdinand is forced to resign the crown,

78. Ferdinand still refuses to agree to an unconditional resignation,

373

374

375

note, 376

379

380

79. Napoleon obtains an unconditional surrender of the throne from Charles IV.,

80. Secret instructions of Ferdinand to the regency at Madrid,

381

382

81. The intelligence of the events at Madrid, on May 2, compels a resignation

of the throne from Ferdinand,

383

82. Ferdinand submits, and resigns the crown,

384

83. Napoleon makes Joseph King of Spain, and convokes an Assembly of

86. Napoleon's perfidy generally toward the nation,

ib.

87. His perfidious conduct towards the Spanish princes,

88. And atrocious treachery at Bayonne by which the whole was concluded,

89. Ultimate consequences of this atrocious conduct to Napoleon and his

house,

90. Its apparent wisdom so far as human policy is concerned,

91. And the ultimate punishment it brought about,

92. The passions of the Revolution were the real causes of the disasters

both of Europe and France,

391

393

CHAPTER LIII.

THE SPANISH PENINSULA AT THE OPENING OF THE WAR.

1. Memorable events of which the Spanish Peninsula has been the theatre,

2. Uniform and singular character of its guerilla warfare,

396

10. It has never been thoroughly amalgamated,

9. Peculiarities in the civil history of the Peninsula which have rendered it
a divided community,

3. Physical conformation of the country which has led to these effects,
4. General character of the Peninsula,

5. Statistics of Spain, and its leading features,

6. Great mountain-ranges of Spain and Portugal,

7. Those in the south of Spain,

8. Extraordinary resolution with which in every age the Spaniards have

defended their cities,

15. The church, its influence and character, .

12. Corruption of the nobility, and extent to which entails were carried,
13. State of the peasantry,

14. Statistical details on this subject,

11. Effect of these circumstances in promoting the means of internal and

separate defence,

16. Its immense usefulness to the people,

410

17. Its great influence in the Spanish contest,

411

18. Spain was still unexhausted by revolutionary passions,

412

19. Composition and character of the French army at this period,

414

415

416

23. Character and qualities of the British soldiers,

higher ranks,

27. Which arose from the self-respect of all classes,

29. Physical comforts of the British soldiers,

officers,

22. Spirit with which it was animated, and regarded by the people,

24. Parallel between the British and French troops,

25. Important effect of the British officers being exclusively taken from the

26. The English soldiers were contented with their lot,

28. Severe discipline. Corporal punishments which still subsisted,

General Foy's graphic contrast of the English and French soldiers and

420

421

422

ib.

423

note, 424

30. Difficulty of keeping any considerable force together in the interior of

31. Fortunate position of the British troops,

Page

425

426

36. Amount, quality, and disposition of the French army at this period in

39. Frightful disorders which signalised the commencement of the insurrec-

tion in some cities,

433

40. Massacres with which the revolution in Valencia commenced,

434

41. Atrocious cruelty of Calvo and the insurgents,

435

42. Deserved punishment of Calvo and his associates,

436

43. Prudent measures adopted by the nobles at Seville. Proceedings of its

Junta,

Degrading letter of Escoiquiz and Ferdinand's counsellors to Joseph,

note, 445

50. Constitution given at Bayonne by Napoleon to the Spaniards,

51. Proceedings of Napoleon, Joseph, and the Junta of Notables, at Bayonne,

52. New ministry of Joseph, and his journey to, and arrival and reception at

Madrid,

53. Honourable instances of resistance to the general torrent of adulation in
his favour among the grandees,

Memorable answer of the Bishop of Orense to his summons to Bayonne, note, 450

54. Universal joy with which the news of the insurrection is received in

55. Enthusiasm of the popular party in the cause,

56. Noble speech of Mr Sheridan on the Spanish war in Parliament,

57. Reply of Mr Secretary Canning,

58. Reflections on this debate,

451

452

ib.

454

455

59. Consistence of these views with the true principles of freedom,

ib.

60. Budget for 1808,

456

.

61. Immense extent of the supplies which were sent out to Spain from Great

63. Vast preparations of Napoleon for the war against England in the Penin-

Page

1. Military measures adopted by Napoleon against the insurrection,

461

2. Successful operations of Bessières and Frère in Old Castile and Leon,

against the insurgents,

462

463

4. Operations in Aragon. First siege of Saragossa,

ib.

464

466

3. Which had the effect of entirely subduing that part of the country,

5. Description of Saragossa,

6. General concurrence of all classes in the defence,

7. Operations of Palafox to relieve the city. He is defeated, and re-enters it, 467

8. First operations of the siege,

9. Progress of the besiegers,

10. Desperate assault of the town,

11. Continued contest in the streets,

12. The Spaniards gradually regain the ascendant,

13. Operations of Moncey in Valencia,

14. Description of Valencia, and preparations for its defence,

15. Attack on the city. Its repulse,

16. Progress of the insurrection, and partial successes of the patriots in that

quarter,

17. Advance of Cuesta in Leon on the French communications,

18. Operations of Bessières against Blake and Cuesta in Leon,

19. Movements on both sides preparatory to a battle,

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

480

481

482

483

484

ib.

25. Taking and sack of Cordova,

26. Accumulation of forces round the invaders,

27. Dismay of the Spaniards, and irresolution of Dupont,

28. Retreat of Dupont to Andujar and Baylen,

485

487

488

489

36. Capitulation of Dupont,

39. Opinion of Napoleon on this capitulation,

29. Spanish plan of attack, and preparatory movements on both sides,

30. Character of Dupont,

31. Singular manner in which the armies became interlaced,

32. Movements which led to the battle of Baylen,

33. Battle of Baylen,

34. Defeat of the French,

35. Tardy arrival of Vedel, who shares in the disgrace,

37. Immense sensation which it produces in Spain and over Europe,

38. Disastrous effect of the delusive opinion entertained of this victory,

494

495

496

497

498

499

41. And their disgraceful treatment of the prisoners,

40. Shameful violation of the capitulation by the Spaniards,

500

501

43. Campaign in Catalonia,

42. Departure of Joseph from Madrid, and concentration of the French troops

behind the Ebro, .

503

504

44. Defeat of Schwartz near Casa Mansana,

505