IV.

testis est Italia, i.e. in the war against Cinna and Carbo, B.C. 84 and 83, in which Pompey carried over an army to the side of Sulla, and prevented the Marian generals from getting possession of Italy.

Sicilia. When Carbo fled to Sicily, Pompey was sent after him, captured him, and had him beheaded, B. C. 82.

Africa. In B.C. 81, Pompey proceeded to Africa to oppose the Marian general Domitius Ahenobarbus, who, aided by Hiarbas, had collected a large army. Pompey defeated him, and reduced the whole of Numidia.

Gallia, through which Pompeius passed, B.C. 76, into Spain to conduct the war against Sertorius.

servili bello. The war with Spartacus and his gladiators. Pompey returning from Spain fell in with some of them who had escaped from the battle of the Silarus, in which Spartacus had been defeated and killed by Crassus; absente, in Spain. attenuatum atque imminutum.

phor from a human body.

'Reduced and enfeebled,' meta

maria, etc., allusion to the war against the pirates, whom Pompey exterminated, B.C. 67.

quum... tum. 'both,' 'and.'

aut hieme, etc. If he sailed in winter, he ran the risk of shipwreck. If he sailed in summer, he was certain to fall in with pirates.

hoc tantum, etc. The order is 'quis unquam arbitraretur hoc tantum bellum, etc., aut uno anno, etc.

cui praesidio. 'whom did you protect with your fleets?' lit. 'to whom were you for a protection with your fleets?'

longinqua, (disasters) in foreign parts.'

fuit hoc, etc. 'it was once, it was, I say, once the privilege of the Roman people,' etc.

qui ad vos, etc. The order is 'Querar (eos) qui captos' (esse).

...

venirent,

nisi summâ hieme. For fear of the pirates. duodecim, i.e. two praetors with their lictors. Each praetor out of the city of Rome was preceded by six lictors, who carried the fasces with axes in them. The axes were not allowed inside the city. ejus ipsius. Antonius. His daughter Antonia was carried off by the pirates.

sublatos, sc. esse, depending on ignoratis.

incommodum Ostiense. The pirates had burnt the ships at Ostia, the port of Rome at the mouth of the Tiber, and plundered the place. atque haec. The order is atque quamquam videtis quâ celeritate haec gesta sint, tamen (haec) a me,' etc. quis enim. "for who with the anxious desire to meet the engage

ments of business or to make money (working upon him) has ever

been able in so short a time to visit so many places and to accomplish such long voyages with the speed with which (quam celeriter, lit. as quickly as) the shock of that war travelled over the waters under the leadership of Pompey?"

duabus Hispaniis, sc. 'confirmatis.'

adornavit, furnished.'

ut, since,' 'within forty-nine days from the time that (ut) he left Brundisium.

apparavit, prepared for.

V.

argentariam faceret, 'carried on the business of a money lender.' sed licere. "but that Canius, if he liked, might make use of his (Pythius') grounds just as if they were his own."

ut argentarius. 'as (you would expect being) a money lender.' apparatum, sc. est.

tantum ne, etc. 'all these fish here? all these boats?' lit., so much of fish, etc.

gravate, sc. 'vendebat, 'he sold reluctantly,' i.e. 'was reluctant to sell.'

quid multa? sc. loquar.

emit, sc. hortos.

nomina facit. 'he books the debt,' lit. 'he makes names,' i.e. he enters the names of himself and Canius as creditor and debtor in his account book.

'expediency.'

VII.

'but that it was necessary that it should not be

generally known.'

huic ille, sc. dixit.

maneat. 'let this be considered a settled principle that,' etc. hoc enim ipsum, i.e. putare id quod turpe sit, utile, calamitosum est.

posuisset, offer.'

VIII.

si quaerimus. 'if we look only to that which wears the appearance and gives the impression of expediency,' lit. 'the appearance and the notion of expediency.' The meaning of the passage is, 'If we

only had regard to what appeared to be most advantageous in this case, we should say that Fabricius ought to have accepted the offer, because without any trouble or risk he would have brought a very difficult war to a close.'

sed magnum, etc. The order is 'sed magnum dedecus (fuisset) eum, quicum laudis certamen fuisset, non virtute sed scelere superatum esse.'

in hac urbe. Rome.

onus, the cargo.'

IX.

dominus, 'the owner;' gubernator, 'the master' or 'pilot.' incumberet, "fell,' dep. on adeo ut.

Hic, 'hereupon.' Hic omnes, 'in this case, all,' etc. scripto, 'on the strength of a statute.'

vi, 'meaning.'

controversia. The question was who had deserted the ship and who had stuck by it. For the law was, "Those who desert a vessel in a storm shall forfeit all their property in it: ship and cargo shall belong to those who remain in the ship."

X.

quendam, agrees with proficiscentem, and not with mercatum.

consecutus est, 'overtook.'

ut fere fit, 'as generally is the case.'

nam ita dicitur, etc. 'for so it is said they afterwards discovered, lit. for it is said that it was afterwards so discovered.'

videlicet, 'to wit.'

arctius, 'more soundly than usual.'

ut fit, 'as generally happens," ex. 'in consequence of.' propter, adverb, 'close at hand.'

virum acrem, sc. 'fuisse eum.'

XI.

miserrimum, i.e., 'miserrimum eum fuisse.'

videri necesse est, 'it must appear.'

sed iis, etc. sed iis (servis) quos, etc.

quodam modo, 'in a way.'

eum ipsum, sc. ponticulum. It was a drawbridge. Hic, on this occasion.'

strato agrees with lecto.

picto agrees with stragulo, as does textili

magnificis operibus qualify picto.

pueros, 'slaves.'

XII.

A.D. XVII. Kal. Maias stands for 'ante diem septimum decimum Kalendas Maias' 'die septimo decimo ante Kal. Maias,' i.e. the seventeenth day before the first day of May, that is, April 15th, for the Romans reckoned inclusively, i.e. counted in the day from which they began reckoning.

evocatorum. Evocati were veterans who had earned their discharge, but were called upon to serve in case of need.

Forum Gallorum, a place between Mutina and Bononia.

tantum, 'only.'

aversos, 'in the rear,' lit. 'turned away from them.'

...

insequi velle. Historic infinitives to be translated as indicatives.

Aemilia, sc. vid. The Aemilian Road was a continuation of the Flaminian, running N. W. from Ariminum to Valentia, passing Bononia, Mutina, and Parma.

praetoria. A Praetorian cohort was one in immediate attendance on the general, forming a sort of bodyguard to him.

quo, 'in which kind of force Antony was particularly strong.' Vel intensifies plurimum.

nec egit quidquam, 'and gained nothing by it,' lit. 'effected nothing.' hora noctis quartâ, see No. II.

his. Cato and Cæsar.

XIII.

alia alii, each had different qualities,' lit. (there were) other qualities to the other man,' i.e. one had one set of qualities and the other another set.

nihil denegare, etc., 'to refuse nothing if it was worth giving.' factioso, sc., homine.

sequebatur, sc. gloria.

XIV.

discessit, a majority of the Senate voted for Cato's resolution,' lit., 'the Senate divided into Cato's resolution,' i.e. divided in such a way as to carry it. In the Senate, as in our houses of parliament, the opinion of the members on any resolution was taken by a division, those in favour of it walking to the one side of the house, those against it to the other.

antecapere, 'to anticipate the coming night,' that is, to carry out the sentence before morning.

Triumviros, sc. capitales, officers who had the care of prisons and looked after the infliction of punishments.

Tullianum. This was a pit twelve feet deep, surrounded by a thick stone wall, which formed the floor of a chamber covered with an arched stone roof; humi, 'in the ground;' depressus,

'sunk.'

vindices, who had previously been lowered into the pit to be ready for the criminals.

curules magistratus, offices of state which entitled them to use the sella curulis, a chair inlaid with ivory, viz., the Consulship, Prætorship, and Curule Aedileship.

XV.

ex alterâ parte, 'on the other side.' Catiline had already made his arrangements, but in rather difficult Latin.

pedibus aeger. Antonius had private reasons for not wishing to encounter Catiline. Therefore, being a gouty subject, he made arrangements to have an attack of the gout on the day of the battle. The order of the words is, 'quod, pedibus aeger, proelio adesse nequibat,' etc.

tumulti, a tumultus, meant a war within the limits of Italy. All in case of a tumultus were bound to serve. There were no exemptions.

in subsidiis, 'in reserve.'

Homo militaris.

noverat.

In apposition to Petreius, who is the subject to

ferentariis, general name for the light-armed troops (archers, slingers, etc.)

cum infestis, etc., 'they charge,' lit. 'they run together with standards bearing down upon the enemy.' The standards are mentioned as being the most conspicuous feature in the companies.

versari

nare.. catives.

succurrere

arcessere ... providere. pug

• ferire, all historic infinitives to be translated as indi

་

contra ac ratus est, contrary to his expectation,' lit. 'in the opposite way to what he had expected,' ac used as it is after simul perinde, etc.

magnâ vi, etc., "resisting vigorously."

cohortem praetoriam. See No. XII.

fere, "as a rule."

quem, etc. The order is "Quisque eum locum animâ amissâ corpore tegebat quem vivus pugnando ceperat."

alii

pars, 'some,' agitabantur, 'were at work.'

' others.'