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XVI.

Senatus, 'a meeting of the Senate.'

pondo, old abl. for pondere.

mille, sc. librae.

gentibus, the world;' imperaturi, 'destined to govern.' redemptos = = 'as men who have been ransomed. providit, 'secured for his own men all the advantages which could be secured by good generalship in the way of selection or preparation,' lit. he secured all things which could be chosen or prepared advantageous for his own men.'

momento, 'difficulty;' justiore, 'more regular;' lapidem, 'milestone.'

XVII.

minus insigne, i.e. certamen humanum minus insigne factum est numine deorum interposito.

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volens propitius

volens et propitius.

captam semel sedem, 'its position when it had once taken it up.'

XVIII.

conjectorem, 'an interpreter of dreams.'

quantulum, the least that he thought he could send,' lit.

little as seemed good.'

de vitello, sc. mittis?

as

hic nescio qui, 'this man whoever he was,' lit. 'this I know not who.'

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sed, supply proferre. Auctore Herodoto, 'on the authority of Herodotus,' lit. Herodotus being the authority.'

praemiz, depends on 'quod maximum,' 'the greatest amount of reward which.'

mercedem, etc., in apposition to nihil certi, etc., 'as a reward.' nihil certi, nothing definite,' lit. 'nothing of what is definite.' post ejus diei, etc., see No. III. ; ut, 'when.'

XX.

apud, 'at the court of.'

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convertebat, was putting through their manœuvres.' insignibus, subst., ' uniforms.'

XXI.

deserta, the Sahara.

nomina, 'individuals have no names of their own.'

pronis, lit. 'headforemost,' that is, 'If they put their heads straight down.'

neque aliorum, i.e. neque patiuntur aut congressus aut colloquia aliorum quam eorum quibus, etc.

XXII.

Inde, from Sarmatia.

sub ipso, close to the North Pole.

augusta, 'sacred.'

XXIII.

illis necesse est, etc., i.e. illis (the women) necesse est alere parentes,

his (the men) liberum est.

liberum, 'optional.'

capital, subst., 'a capital offence.'

XXIV.

affectavit jocos, 'was fond of a joke,' lit. 'aimed at jokes.'

salvo tamen, 'with a proper regard however to his dignity and rank, and without descending to buffoonery,' lit. 'the regard for his dignity, etc., being safe, and not so as to fall into a buffoon.' quid ageret, 'how his Ajax was getting on.'

quid agis is Latin for 'How do you do?'

·

in spongiam. He has fallen on his sponge. The sponge was used to efface writing. The real Ajax fell on his sword. Augustus (because he had destroyed his play) says his Ajax had fallen on his sponge.

me tibi displicuisse, that you could not get on with me.'

contusus ille. Vatinius.

officiosam avem, 'the polite bird.'

vigniti, etc., 20,000 sesterces, about £150.

Antoni. The man had trained two birds, one to salute Augustus, the other Antony, so as to be ready for whichever won the battle

of Actium. His partner, angry because he got no share of the money, forced him to bring out the other bird, intended for Antony if he had won.

periit, 'is wasted,' lit. 'has perished.'

ut illa. The order is

verbis, etc.

tanti, genitive of price.

ut illa verba subtexeret (add) quibus

sequentibus consulibus.

XXV.

In the time of the following Consuls,' i.e. next year,' the Roman years being marked by the names of the Consuls.'

Flamen Dialis. Flamen means a priest devoted to the service of one particular god.

Fl. Dialis. The priest of Jupiter.

praetextato, 'when a boy in jackets.' The toga praetexta was the dress of boys, which when they arrived at manhood they changed for the toga virilis.

quater consulis, four times Consul.'

diversarum, etc. 'He was considered to belong to the opposite faction,' i.e. the Marian party; ut, so that.'

discedere de medio, to retire from the world,' or, 'disappear from the scene,' lit. 'to depart from the centre,' i.e. the part where men mostly congregate.

inquisitoribus, 'detectives.'

vincerent. haberent, in direct speech would he the imperative mood; quandoque, 'one day.'

stipendia, campaign,' lit. military pay.'

contubernio, 'in attendance on,' i.e. 'on the staff of;' contubernium properly means tent-companionship; then it comes to means the personal attendance on a general of the officers of his staff. Meruit, sc. stipendia, 'he earned pay,' i.e. he served.'

Repetundarum, sc. crimine, 'on a charge of embezzlement.' consularem, 'one who had been Consul.'

absoluto, sc. Dolabellâ.

operam daret, 'give his attention to.'

dignatione, dignity.'

initio, at the very first.'

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non distulit quin, he lost no time in pursuing them,' lit. 'he did not put off but that he pursued.'

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estigio, at once,' join with classe deducta; vestigium, besides meaning a footstep, means a point of time, e vestigio therefore means 'starting from the very moment,' as we say 'on the spur of the moment."

nihildum, 'nothing as yet,' of non-dum, 'not yet.'

ad tempus, temporary porticoes.' Aediles generally decorated the public buildings. Cæsar not only did this, but in these temporary porticoes displayed a quantity of ornaments and precious objects which remained unemployed after all the regular decorations of the city had been carried out in a most magnificent manner. munus, 'a show.'

paribus, 'pairs,' subst.

bis et tricies, 32 times 100 miles, i.e. 3200 miles; praeter besides not including.

bene meritas, 'loyal,' lit. well-deserving such were the Aedui and the peoples of the province.

patet, extends.'

quadringenties, sc., centena millia sestertiorum, i.e. 40,000,000 secterces, or about £300,000.

in singulos annos, every year.' intercessionem, right of veto.

The tribunes had the right of putting a veto on or fordidding any ordinance of the Senate. This the Senate violated, and expelled the tribunes who attempted it (Cassius and Antony) from Rome.

praemissis, etc. Cæsar was at Ravenna when he determined on war; et, 'both.'

per dissimulationem, by way of concealing his design.'

omnia armis, etc. No Roman general was allowed to enter Italy proper with his army; crossing the Rubicon, therefore, which was the boundary between Gallia Cisalpina and Italy proper, was tantamount to a declaration of war.

per tumultum, 'irregularly.'

secundum, prep., 'along.'

de republica,to consider the state of the commonwealth,' lit. 'about the common weal.'

ut, when;' ne quandoque, 'lest at some future time;' novarum rerum, 'revolution.'

intra quintum, etc., within five days after he had arrived; quam — post quam.

quatuor, etc., within four hours after he first came in sight of him,' lit. 'within the four hours within which he had come to sight.' reliquias partium, etc., 'reanimating the remnant of their party.' instante, 'following up his advantage.'

apparatu et instrumento, 'exhibition and decorations.'

Velabrum, a street in Rome.

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quandocunque.

eo studiosius, 'with all the more interest. operis, workmanship; quandoque an se contineret, 'whether he would not stay at home;' an introduces the second of two questions; the first is implied, that is, 'whether he would go out, or whether he would not rather stay at home.' pro rostris, the speakers' stage in the Forum, so called, according to Livy, from its being adorned with the beaks of vessels taken from the enemies of Rome. In a public funeral at Rome the body was

first carried into the Forum, where the funeral oration was pronounced, and thence to the rogus or pyre, where it was burnt. lectus, the bier.

honoribus functi, 'ii qui honoribus functi erant.'

tibicines, flute players and mimes and buffoons formed a regular part of a Roman funeral. It was common to throw incense, gar

lands, and other offerings on the funeral fire of a friend.

quam ex instrumento, etc., 'which belonging to the equipment of a triumph, they had put on for the present purpose.' bustum, the place where the body was burnt.

Cornelius, sc. Cinna. See Shakspeare, Julius Cæsar, Act III., sc. iii. non ore, etc., not only in the formal language of those who passed the decree, but in the genuine conviction of the people. Ore, lit. 'the mouth,' here it means words spoken with the lips, but not approved by the mind.

relatus, 'reckoned.'

pugione, assassin's dagger.

XXVI.

tempore extremo, 'towards the end of his life.'

animo linqui, to lose consciousness,' lit. 'to be left (without) his consciousness,' abl. of want.

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Subura, a populous district of Rome lying in the valley between the extremities of the Quirinal, Viminal, and Esquiline.

sacra via, the road running past the Forum up to the Capitoline, along which triumphal processions passed.

studiosum, sc. eum fuisse.

Nemorensi, a lake in Latium, near Aricia.

ultra fidem, beyond all belief.'

cautior, etc., i.e. dubium est utrum cautior esset an audentior.

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tenuiorum, the poorer;' contulissent, had assigned.'

multis partibus, many times,' lit. 'by many parts.'

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