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the English date, see G. 710, II. Ante diem sextum Kalendas = die sexto 92 ante Kalendas, on the sixth day before, etc. G. 708, III. 3. But the whole expression may be regarded as an indeclinable noun in the Ablative of Time. G. 708, III. 4; 426.-Novembres; adjective agreeing with Kalendas. G. 708, III. 2.

10. Id quod solet, as is common; lit., that which is wont. G. 445, 7. 11. Arma portari; i. e., to convenient places for future use; though the meaning may be that arms are carried; i. e., that men go armed.— Capuae, in Apulia. Explain difference of construction. G. 421. 12. Senati; G. 119, 3.

13. Faesulas, in Apuliam; G. 379; 379, 4.

14. Circumque loca, and the surrounding places. Loca depends upon in.—Ad urbem, near the city. They had just returned victorious from their provinces-Marcius from Cilicia, Metellus from Crete-and had asked from the senate the honor of a triumph. They were forbidden by law to enter the city until the question was decided.

15. Imperatores; i. e., in the capacity of commanders. They still retained the imperium.—Calumnia, by the intrigues.

16. Omnia vendere; subject of erat.

18. Permissum; supply est.-Uti compararent; G. 495, 2. 21. Sestertia centum, a hundred sestertia; a little more than $4,000.

22. Impunitatem ejus rei, impunity for this crime; i. e., for par ticipation in the conspiracy.

23. Gladiatoriae familiae, companies of gladiators. The gladiators were trained in schools, or companies, to which the name familia was applied.—Capuam; Limit of Motion depending upon distribuerentur.

24. Pro... opibus, according to the ability of each; i. e., of each

town.

25. Minores magistratus; consuls, praetors, and censors, were called majores magistratus; all others as aediles, tribunes, quaestors, etc., including the tres viri capitales, and the tres viri nocturni were called minores magistratus. The tres viri capitales and the tres viri nocturni had charge of the city police, and are probably here meant.

XXXI., XXXII. Cicero's First Oration against Catiline. Scene in the Senate. Catiline leaves the City.

29. Diuturna quies; a period of nearly twenty years, since the Civil War of Marius and Sulla. Indeed, no foreign foe had approached Rome for nearly 150 years.

30. Festinare, trepidare, etc. Hist. Infinitives.

32. Quibus; construe with incesserat.

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33. Magnitudine; construe with insolitus. The greatness of the republic had protected them.-Timor. See Syn., L. C. 305.-Insolitus incesserat, had rarely come; lit., unusual had come. Insolitus agrees with timor.

35. Rogitare, asked questions continually.

36. Sibi;

G. 384.

1. Lege Plautia; a law providing for the punishment of all disturbers of the public peace.-Interrogatus erat. See note on interrogati, p. 86, line 8.

3. Sicuti .. foret; G. 506.

5. Orationem; the first against Catiline. For particulars, see Introduction, p. 307.

6. Scriptam edidit; G. 579.

9. Ea familia, from such a family. G. 425, 3, 1).-Ortum :

ortum esse.

10. Ut in spe haberet, that he had reason to hope for.

= se

11. Ne existimarent. Subj. from the Imperative of the Direct Discourse. G. 529; 530, II.-Sibi perdita . . . opus esse, that he had any need of ruining the republic; lit., of a ruined republic. G. 419,

14. Inquilinus, of foreign birth; a term most unjustly applied to Cicero, as Arpinum, his native town, enjoyed all the rights of Roman citizenship.

15. Hostem vocare, called him an enemy.

18. Ruina, by a general destruction.

19. Ex curia, from the senate. On this occasion the senate met in the temple of Jupiter Stator, though it ordinarily met in the Curia Hostilia, which stood on the northern side of the Forum.-Domum; G. 379, 3. 20. Consuli; Indirect Object of procedebant.

22. Optimum; agreeing with exercitum augere.-Factu; G. 570. 23. Legiones; referring to the levies to be made by Q. Pompeius and Q. Metellus. See chap. 30.

27. Confirment; Mixed Purpose; ut omitted.

29. Accessurum; supply esse. This infinitive depends upon a verb of saying implied in mandat; G. 530, 1.

XXXIII. - XXXV. Representations of Manlius and Catiline in regard to their Movements.

35. Qui. The antecedent is implied in nostra. G. 445, 6.-Crudelitate faeneratorum. The rapacity of the Roman money-lenders is generally admitted.

36. Patriae, fama; both dependent upon expertes; the Genitive is

the usual construction after expertes, but the Ablative is not uncommon in the earlier Latin. G. 399, 2, 2), (3); 419, III.

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1. Lege uti, to avail himself of the law; i. e., of the lex Poetelia et 94 Papiria, which forbade imprisonment for debt.

2. Praetoris; i. e., of the Praetor urbanus, before whom suits against debtors were brought.

4. Decretis . . . opitulati sunt. Under the old Roman law the lower classes were much oppressed, and the debtor was absolutely at the mercy of the creditor. Decretis here refers to the laws enacted from time to time for the relief of the poor.

6. Bonis, the nobles. This statement, that all the nobles assented cordially to this change, requires qualification.—Argentum aere, etc. ; i. e., debts contracted in silver were paid in copper. This was done under the Valerian law passed 86 B. C. (novissime memoria nostra), which provided that debts might be cancelled by the payment of one-fourth of the amount (twenty-five cents on the dollar). Thus the copper as was paid in place of the silver sestertius, which had four times its value. See also note on tabulas novas, p. 88, line 24.-Saepe plebes secessit. The last and most important of these secessions occurred in the year 287 B. C., and resulted in the enactment of the Hortensian law, which gave validity to the decrees of the plebs.

12. Consulatis; Subj. of Purpose; ut omitted.

14. Quonam modo, etc., how we may sell our lives most dearly; lit., may perish having most fully avenged our blood.

17. Discedant. Subj. from the Imperative of the Direct Discourse. 18. Mansuetudine; Abl. of Characteristic.

21. Ex itinere, on the road; lit., from, out of.

22. Optimo cuique, to all the most distinguished. G. 458, 1. 24. Non quo esset; G. 520, 3.

27. Q. Catulus. Q. Lutatius Catulus, the most illustrious of the senatorial party, princeps senatus.

30. L. Catilina Q. Catulo L. Catilina Q. Catulo salutem dicit (sends greeting); a common form of salutation in Roman letters.-Re cognita, known by experience; as he was successfully defended by Catulus when tried for the crime mentioned in chap. 15, cum sacerdote Vestae.

31. Commendationi meae, to my act of commending to your care; i. e., of commending his wife Orestilla to the care of Catulus, as stated below.

32. Defensionem . . . satisfactionem; i. e., he had decided not to make any formal defence (defensionem) against the charges, but simply to offer a personal explanation (satisfactionem) to Catulus.—In novo consilio; i. e., the design of repairing to the camp of Manlius.

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34. Quam, referring to satisfactionem.

35. Licet cognoscas, you may see; lit., it is permitted that, etc. Supply ut.

36. Fructu; Abl. of Separation. G. 425.

37. Statum . . . obtinebam, I could not maintain my dignity; i. e., his self-respect would not allow him to submit to such indignities as were heaped upon him.

1. Aes . . . nominibus, my debts; meis nominibus, Abl. Absol. ; lit., the names being mine. Some supply sumptum, obtained in my name.

3. Alienis nominibus = aes alienum alienis nominibus, the debts of others, for which Catiline was probably surety. The thought is: if Orestilla would pay the debts of others, she would surely pay those of her husband.

5. Alienatum, discarded.

6. Hoc nomine, for this reason; lit., in this name; i. e., in the name of the great interests at stake.-Satis . . . meo casu, sufficiently honorable in view of my misfortune.

10. Rogatus, asked, entreated; i. e., by me. Translate, I entreat you.

XXXVI.—XXXIX. Catiline joins Manlius. Action of the Roman Senate. State of Feeling in Rome.

12. Dum exornat, while he furnished. G. 467, 4.

13. Fascibus. The consul, when in command of an army, was attended by twelve lictors bearing the fasces, which were bundles of rods, containing each an axe (securis). Catiline assumed these insignia of authority.

16. Quam; referring to diem.-Sine fraude, with impunity, i. e., with respect to the past.

17. Praeter condemnatis, except for those convicted. Condemnatis depends upon liceret.—Rerum; G. 410, 2.

20. Urbi praesidio sit; G. 390, I.

21. Imperium . . . Romani; i. e., the Roman republic.

22. Cui, to it, referring to imperium.—Quum, although.

26. Perditum irent, were determined to ruin; lit., were going to ruin. G. 569.-Duobus decretis, though there were two decrees—one mentioned in chap. 30, si quis indicavisset, etc., and the other in this, sine fraude liceret, etc.

27. Inductus; agreeing with quisquam to be supplied.

31. Aliena, disaffected.

32. Plebes, the lower classes, not the Plebeians in distinction from the Patricians.

33. Id adeo, this indeed.

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35. Invident; agreeing with the omitted antecedent of quibus. 37. Sine cura; free from care, as they have nothing to lose. 1. Egestas facile, etc., poverty (their only possession) is easily re- 96 tained without loss.

2. Ea; an emphatic repetition of the subject urbana plebes, in distinction from cuncta plebes above.-Primum. Notice the five classes introduced respectively by primum, deinde, praeterea, praeterea, and ad hoc. The first class embraces three subdivisions: 1) qui ubique, 2) alii, and 3) omnes quos.

4. Alii . . . shameful excesses.

amissis, others who had lost their patrimonies by

7. Sullanae victoriae; i. e., the victory of Sulla over Marius, whereby the former became master of Rome. See note on dominationem Sullae, p. 79, line 27.

8. Alios senatores videbant, they saw some made senators. At the close of the Civil Wars, some of Sulla's veterans became members of the senate, while many more were enriched by the spoils of war. 9. Sibi talia; supply fore.

10. Sperabat; singular, agreeing with quisque instead of multi.Juventus; subject of praetulerat.

11. Manuum, of labor.

12. Largitionibus, by largesses; i. e., by the distribution of money or provisions among the poor by candidates for office, by wealthy men, and by the state. The curule aedile usually entertained the people with public festivities and amusements.

13. Malum publicum, the corrupt state of public affairs; i. e., by its gratuities, and by the employment which it gave to the low and vile. 14. Quo, wherefore.-Homines . . . consuluisse; subject of mirandum est.

15. Moribus, spe; Abl. of Characteristic.-Juxta ac, just as ; i. e., having ruined themselves, they were ready to ruin the state.

16. Quorum; construe with parentes, bona, and jus. The omitted antecedent is the subject of expectabant.

17. Jus . . . imminutum erat. The children of the proscribed were excluded from all public offices.

18. Haud alio animo, with no other feelings; i. e., than those of the classes already described.

19. Aliarum atque, of any other than. G. 587, I. 2.

20. Quam. valere ipsi, than that they themselves should have less power. Ipsi, Nom. agreeing with the subject of malebant, for the Acc. agreeing with the omitted subject of valere.—Id malum; i. e., the old opposition to the senatorial party.

23. Tribunicia potestas; i. e., the power of the tribunes of the